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Biochem 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of enzymes do phosphorylation?

Isomerization (rearranging of atoms)?

Mutation (shiftin a group on a molecule?

Synthesis (building or reducing)?

A

Kinases

Isomerases

Mutases

Synthetases

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2
Q

How are dehydrogenates named and what do they work with?

A

Names after what they oxidize!!!

Work with NAD or FAD

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3
Q

What is a derivative of niacin and accepts/donates electrons?

Derivative of riboflavin and accepts/donates electrons?

Dereviative of pantothenic acid, holds and transfers acetyl or acyl groups, makes thirster bond.

A

NAD

FAD

Coenzyme A

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4
Q

What does NADH and FADH2 ONLY do?

What does coenzyme A do?

A

Accept and donate electrons

Universal carrier of acyl groups

When CoA breaks off, it liberates a lot of energy which can be coupled to another reaction

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5
Q

WHat does high energy charge mean?

low energy charge?

What is the value range for energy charge?

Average charge for most cells ?

A

Cell has LOTS of ATP

Cell has LESS ATP

0 (all AMP) to 1 (all ATP)

0.80 to 0.95

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6
Q

What does the presence of AMP stimulate?

A

A powerful enzyme AMPkinase!

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7
Q

What does a High energy charge tell the cell to build?

Low energy charge tells cell to create ATP and…

A

Build fat, glycogen, glucose, cholesterol and nucleotides

Run the phosphocreatine system, glycolysis, fat oxidation, amino acid oxidation, aerobic system

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8
Q

How much energy is released when the bond between ATP phosphate group is broken? What allows them to occur?

A

DeltaG = -7.3 kcal/mol

energy is often coupled to less favorable ractions

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9
Q

ATP molecule is consumed within a minute of its creation T or F

Consume about 40 kg of ATP at rest every day

Over a pound of ATP utilized every minute of exercise

A

True, True, True

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10
Q

Which of the following inhibits ___ enzyme??? Possible answers on test?

A

ATP

High Energy Charge

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11
Q

If there is more reactant what happens to the enzyme rate?

More Product?

A

Faster enzyme rate

Slower Enzyme rate

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12
Q

What lowers blood glucose to baseline values and increases glucose in fat and muscle cells?

What increases blood glucose levels, causes liver to release glucose from storage, and causes liver to make glucose?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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13
Q

The presence or absence of what drives cell activity?

A

ATP

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14
Q

What are the three systems used to recreate ATP?

A

ATP - PC System
Phosphagen system & Creatine Phosphate system

Glycolysis
Anaerobic Glycolysis

Aerobic System
Krebs Cycle and ETC

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15
Q

Describe the ATP-PC system

A

Coupled Reaction

Fast replacement of ATP

Short duration (5-10 sec.)

Predominates in short explosive activity

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16
Q

WHat does a coupled reaction mean?

What what happens in the ATP-PC system? (equation)

A

Two things happening at once

ADP + Creatine Phosphate –> ATP + Creatine

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17
Q

What is the key enzyme for the regulation of the ATP-PC system?

What inhibits the pathway?

What stimulates the pathway?

A

Creatine Kinase

Excess products of ATP and Creatine

Excess reactants of ADP, AMP and Creatine Phosphate?

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18
Q

ATP-PC System Location?

Product?

Reactants?

Key Enzyme?

A

Cytosol

ATP and Creatine

AMP ADP and Creatine Phosphate

Creatine Kinase

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19
Q

What is the difference between Fast and Slow Glycolysis?

A

Fast: pyruvate is converted into lactic acid

Slow: Pyruvate -> Mitochondria -> aerobic metabolism

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20
Q

What determines whether lactic acid is made or if pyruvate is sent to the aerobic system?

A

Capacity of persons aerobic system and level of exercise preformed

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21
Q

What is the main product for glycolysis regulation?

Additional products?

Rate limiting enzyme?

A

ATP

Pyruvate, Lactic Acid, Alanine, NADH

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

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22
Q

Increased AMP, ADP, P, and Ammonia will do what to glycolysis?

Increased ATP, Creatine Phosphate, and Decreased PH will do what?

A

Stimulate Glycolysis!

Inhibit Glycolysis!

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23
Q

Glycolysis Location?

Products?

Reactants?

Key Enzymes?

A

Cytosol

ATP, NADH, Pyruvate, Lactic Acid, Alanine,

Glucose, ADP, AMP, Pi

Hexokinase, PFK, Pyruvate Kinase…..Glycolysis all kinases!

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24
Q

What are the two components of the Aerobic System?

What three things are oxidized?

A

Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transport Chain

Carbs, Fat, Proteins

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25
At rest, what percent of ATP is metabolized from Fat? From Carbs?
70% 30%
26
Aerobic System Pathways? Location? Products? Reactants? Key Enzymes?
Krebs Cycle and ETC Mitochondria ATP, NADH, FADH2 Fat, Carbs, Protein, ADP, AMP, Pi, Acetyl, Citrate, NAD, FAD Dehydrogenases!
27
What is Respiratory Quotient? "RQ"
Number that tells you what percentage of energy is coming from fat or carbs? Its a ration of volume of CO2 expired to the volume of O2 consumed.
28
WHen does peak fat burning occur?
at 50-60%$ maximal aerobic capacity. Intense excersise will decrease the percentage and amount of fat burned, but the absolute may be more!
29
What does High RQ equal?
Exercise. Increased RQ means more carbs and fat are being burned. Higher RQ imply that greater percentage of calories is being burned by Carbs. Only at very high RQ does absolute amount of fat burning decrease.
30
What is the purpose of Glycolysis? What is the fate of glucose?
To break down glucose to yield precursors to aerobic system. Either turned into ATP or Precursor Molecules for Aerobic metabolism
31
Describe the first half of glycolysis Second Half
Bring glucose into cell and trap it by adding a P. Then change it to an "energy rich sugar" Fructose biphosphate that can be broke in half and can make ATP Get ATP by splitting molecule in two and use free energy to re-create ATP. Then Create an end product that can be further oxidized (Pyruvate)
32
What is the first step in Glycolysis? What process is it and what enzyme.
Glucose + ATP --> Glucose 6-phosphate + ADP +H This is a phosphorylization done by hexokinase or glucokinase.
33
What is the second step in Glycolysis? Process name and enzyme used?
Glucose 6-phosphate --> Fructose 6-phosphate Isomerization by Phosphoglucose isomerase
34
What is the third step in glycolysis? Process and enzyme used?
Fructose 6-phosphate + ATP --> Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP Phosphorylization by Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
35
What is the difference between bisphosphate and diphosphate?
Bis = implies two separate phosphates Di = two joined phosphates
36
What is the rate limiting step in Glycolysis?
PFK
37
What is the 4th step in Glycolysis? Process and Enzyme?
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate --> Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate AND Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate Split. Aldolase
38
What is the 5th step in GLycolysis? What is special after this step?
The Dihydroxyacetone created in last step gets turned into another Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate Isomerization, Triose Phosphate Isomerase NOW WE HAVE TWO GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-Phosphates so after this all reactions happen TWO times for each molecule.
39
6th step in GLycolysis?
Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate --> 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate Oxidative Phosphorylation via G3P Dedydrogenase NAD+P -->NADH +H THIS HAPPENS 2X
40
7th step in Glycolysis?
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate --> 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate Kinase. Creating ATP cuz ADP steals one P THIS HAPPENS 2X
41
8th step in Glycolysis?
3-Phosphoglycerate --> 2-Phosphoglycerate Mutation. Phosphoglycerate Mutase HAPPENS TWICE
42
9th step in Glycolysis?
2-Phosphoglycerate --> Phosphoenolpyruvate Dehydration. Enolase. HAPPENS TWICE
43
Final Step in GLycolysis?
Phosphoenolpyruvate --> Pyruvate ADP --> ATP Irreversible RXN. Pyruvate Kinase
44
What three things Inhibit or decrease activity of PFK? What inhibits Hexokinase?
ATP, Decreased pH and Citrate Inhibition of PFK
45
What four things MUST be memorized about Glucokinase?
Stimulated by insulin Stimulated by fructose High Km (takes more reactant to go faster) NOT inhibited by its product (glucose-6-phosphate)
46
What must be remembered about glucagon?
If present then glucose is gone so ALL aspects of glycolysis are slowed down.
47
What happens to pyruvate when glycolysis runs fast? (when exercising for example) What is the equation for this?
Converted into Lactate by Lactate Dehydrogenase. Pyruvate + NADH --> Lactate + NAD+
48
What are the effects if Lactic acid is produced?
Moderate production of lactate speeds up glycolysis and not enough of a drop in pH to inhibit PFK. More NAD+ produced to stimulate G3P dehydrogenase Large production of lactate inhibits glycolysis cuz significant drop in pH which inhibits PFK
49
What is the purpose of the Krebs's Cycle?
Takes in Fats, Carbs, Proteins and oxidizes them via Dehydrogenase enzymes Produces reduced compounds NADH and FADH2
50
Describe the overview of energy metabolism in 6 steps
We consume macronutrients We oxidize them down We make reduced compounds We breath in Oxygen Oxygen accepts electrons In oxygen's reduction we make ATP
51
Describe how each macronutrient enters the Kreb's cycle
Carbs: after glycolysis and a prep step they enter as acetyl CoA Fat: after running through Beta Oxidation enters as acetyl CoA Protein: Each AA is unique in how it enters.
52
Describe the Preparation Step between Glycolysis and Krebs Which Enzyme? WHERE does this occur?
Pyruvate + CoA --> Acetyl CoA NAD --> NADH Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
53
Describe what takes place at the entry point (first Step) of Kreb's Cycle. The reaction and the enzyme
Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate --> Citric Acid Citrate Synthase
54
Describe Step two of the Kreb's Cycle
Citric Acid --> Cis Aconitate (unstable) --> Isocitric Acid Enzyme Aconitase
55
Describe the 3rd Step in Krebs Cycle
Isocitric Acid --> Oxalosuccinate (unstable) --> Alpha-ketogluterate Enzyme Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
56
4th Step in Kreb's Cycle
Alpha-ketogluterate -->Succinyl CoA NAD-->NADH Enzyme alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex
57
5th step of Krebs? WHat is special about this step?
Succinyl CoA --> Succinate GDP+P --> GTP Enzyme Succinate Thiokinase or Succinyl CoA Synthetase ONE REACTION in krebs where direct yield of a high energy phosphate bond This is because cleaving the thioeter bond of succinyl CoA releases a LOT of energy to
58
Which of the following contains a thioester bond?
CoEnzyme A
59
GTP to ATP is easy conversion. What does it? enzyme
Nucleoside Diphosphokinase
60
6th step in Krebs
Succinate --> Fumarate FAD-->FADH2 Succinate Dehydrogenase
61
7th Step in Krebs
Fumarate --> Malate Fumarase
62
8th Step in Krebs?
Malate --> Oxaloacetate NAD-->NADH Malate Dehydrogenase
63
Is krebs considered Aerobic?
YES even though Oxygen not used. but NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons to ETC with Oxygen as ultimate E receptor!
64
Anaplerotic vs Cataplerotic?
Giving substrates to the cycle vs taking substrates from the cycle
65
High concentrations of which THREE things will INHIBIT Pyruvate Dehydrogenase?
High NADH/NAD High Acetyl CoA/CoA These are ratios???? High ATP/ADP These things activate a kinase which adds phosphate to pyruvate dehydrogenase to inactivate it
66
What effect will ATP have on Citric Synthase? What effect will lack of Oxaloacetate have?
Allostericly Inhibit it (product inhibits its enzyme) Inhibit (scarce reactant inhibiting its enzyme)
67
Which two ways is Isocitrate Dehydrogenase regulated? How does ATP, ADP, NADH and NAD affect the enzyme?
Energy Charge ATP allosterically INHIBITS (product inhibit its enzyme) ADP allosterically STIMULATES (reactant stim enzyme) ``` Redox State NADH INHIBITS (product inhibit enzyme) NAD+ STIMULATES (reactant stim enzyme) ```
68
How is Alpha KetoGLuterase regulated? What are the effects on it from ATP NADH and Succinyl CoA?
Energy Charge ATP Inhibits (product inhibit enzyme) NADH Inhibits (product inhibit enzyme) Succinyl CoA Inhibits (product inhibit enzyme)
69
Krebs Cycle Purpose: Location Reactions and enzymes Sends what where? Products and reactants role?
Make ATP and reduced compounds Mitochondrial Matrix REDOX rxns via Dehydrogenases Sends reduced compounds to ETS Products inhibit and reactants stimulate
70
Kreb's Cycle Main enzymes: Products that Inhibit: Reactants that Stimulate:
IASM Dehydrogenases Isocitrate dehydrogenase Alpha-Ketogluterate dehydrogenase Succinate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase Products: ATP, High energy charge, NADH, FADH2 Reactants: ADP, AMP, Low energy charge, NAD+ and FAD
71
Electron Transport System Location Ultimate acceptor of e- What creates proton gradient? What is created by proton gradient?
Creates ATP by passing e along system of carriers Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Oxygen Passing the electrons ATP
72
Describe the outer membrane of mitochondria Inner?
Porous and Permeable to most ions and small molecules Convoluted, (folds called Cristae) Impermeable to most small ions and molecules Specialized carriers exits to transport them Rich in integral proteins
73
What does the Chemiosmotic Theory state?
Protons flowing through special protein create ATP
74
What is the Order of the ETC that you HAVE to remember!?!?
NAD/NADH MOST NEG. FMN/FMNH or FAD/FADH2 CoQ/CoQH Cyto b Cyto c Cyto a Oxygen MOST POS.
75
What do the first four complexes of the ETC do? The 5th?
1 and 2: Catalyze e transfer to CoQ 1 has NADH donor and 2 has FADH2 donor 3: Carries e from CoQ to cytochrome c 4: Carries e from cytochrome c to O2 Catalyze ATP synthesis using proton gradient
76
What is another name for Coenzyme Q?
Ubiquinone
77
Describe Standard Reduction Potential (delta E naught)
For a given redox pair More negative number = greater tendency for REDUCED form of redox pair to LOSE electrons
78
What is the starting point for ETS? Is this thing always formed in the mitochondrial matrix? Can it pass through the inner mito membrane?
NADH No sometimes outside NO!
79
3 carbons = 4 carbons =
Glycolysis Krebs Cycle

Biochem 2 (2 decks)

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