Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

Rumen Foreign Bodies "software disease"

Answer 1

-Not well documented -Fluid distended rumen without bloat -Common objects: twine, tarps, plastic, etc. C/S -Often non-specific -Intermittent appetite -Reluctance to eat full ration -Possible mild inflammation on the leukogram

Answer 2

Sequelae -Obtundation -Dehydration: increased osmolality in rumen pulls water in -Liver abscesses Tx -Alkalinization of the animal -IV fluids (Sodium bicarbonate, LRS) -Oral fluids (Magnesium hydroxyde) -Evacuation of rumen contents -Tube, rumenotomy -Replacing rumen microbiome: transfaunation -Thiamine -Antibiotics Prevention -Gradual diet change when rapidly fermentable carbs introduced -Ionophores: favor production of propionate in the rumen

Answer 3

**Minor rumen upsets** C/S -Not specific -Usually off feed -Eventually diarrhea +/- rumen motility reduced +/- gas at ping -Can sound just like a DA, "ping" on the right side +/- Dehydration Pathophysiology -Overconsumption of non-food, operating, DAMAGED FEEDS, sudden change in diet, sporadic or herd problem Dx -Hx and C/S -Wait and see -Check rumen pH -Rule out other things Tx -Restore rumen flora if necessary -Laxative +/- -Most recover within a few days Prevention -Only feed quality feed -No moldy feeds -Gradual changes in diet

Answer 4

**Key sign Abdomen distends, but fecal output is decreased and weight loss is present** -Not really a stand alone disease -Functional disturbances -A group of motor disturbances that hinder passage of ingesta from the reticulorumen or abomasum o both -Omasal transport or Pylorus outflow failure Alternate Classification 1. Failure of eructation - free gas bloat -Choke -Mediastinal LN enlargement -Left untreated death 2. Omasal transport failure -Mechanical obstruction -Neurogenic -TRP -Inflammatory conditions -Distention high and low on left, low on right **Papple appearance** -May require rumenotomy 3. Abomasa transport failure - secondary to abomasal volvulus or hardware -TPR -Secondary to abdominal surgery -Advanced pregnancy -Neurogenic Tx: treat underlying cause, +/- surgery 4. Vagal indigestion late gestation -Large fetus Key points all types -Normal plasma and rumen Cl with distended abdomen = omasal issue -Low plasma Cl and high rumen Cl = abomasal issue Prognosis -Generally poor -Relapse some

Answer 5

-Secondary complication -TRP -Ulcers -Abscesses -Rumenitis -Wounds -Bowel obstructions -Surgery -IP injections: DON'T Dx -Bloodwork: marked neutrophilia with left shift -Neutropenia possible -Hyperfibrinogenemia -Ultrasound: free fluid, fibrin -Abdominocentesis: toxic neutrophils +/- Palpation severe cases Tx -Supportive care -Long-term antibiotics = withdrawal time concerns **Carcass condemn at slaughter**

Answer 6

Abomasa Disease

Answer 7

LDA: many days before cow dies RDA: some days "" RTA: <1 day "" Rarely can tell RDA from RTA Multifactorial -Hypomotility, atony ob the abomasum -Concurrent disease: mastitis, metritis, ketosis, hypocalcemia -Deficiencies in nutrition -Ketotic cattle (3-5 days) post calving 6.1X more likely **Left side more common than right** Right more complicated Presentation -Complete or partial anorexia -Dehydration -Scanty/pasty feces -Decreased milk production -Off-feed -Usually ketotic -TRP normal or elevated **Most occur shortly after calving** -Dairy more common than beef ->2yo -Mastitis, metritis common association **"ping" in the area of suspicion** Dx -Auscultation -Bloodwork not always possible -pH<4.5, from aspirated fluid but not commonly done

Answer 8

LDA -Chloride sequestration in the abomasum -Left side pings: mid thorax from point of the elbow to the hip **Hypochloremia, hypokalemia, Metabolic alkalosis** +/- Hypophosphatemia Tx -"Pexy" -Return abomasum to normal anatomical position -Right/Left abomasopexy -Right ometopexy -Ventral paramedian abomasopexy -"Roll and tack/toggle" -Laparoscopic correction -Address metabolic disorders Rumen -Rumen gas cap dorsal area over last few ribs, paralumbar fossa and hips, can be tympani (bloat) or empty (void)

Answer 9

-Can be simple or volvulus -Less frequent than LDA -C/S similar to LDA -Tachycardia, decreased rumen motility, minimal to no fecal output, ping, splashes -Emergency! Ddx -Abomasal volvulus -Cecal distension, torsion -Physometra -Spiral colon gas -Rectal gas after palpation -Pneumoperitoneum -Torsion on mesenteric root "Pings" -usually cranial to 8th rib Also: B: spiral colon C: Cecum D: Uterus E: Pneumorectum -Small intestine gas Volvulus/Torsion -Hypochloremia -Hypokalemia -Metabolic alkalosis -Dehydration -Hypovolemia -Hemoconcentration +/- Hypophosphatemia -Metabolic acidosis can develop from reduced perfusion: poor prognosis **Paradoxic aciduria** conservation of Na, Cl, K results in excretion of H+ via kidney to maintain electronegativity Pathophysiology -Most common between the omasum and abomasum, counterclockwise from right and rear -Torsion near site where duodenum wraps around omasum: **functional pyloric stenosis/failure of abomasal outflow (vagal indigestion) Tx -Surgical correction -Treat underlying metabolic deficiencies +/- Antibiotics -NSAIDs Prognosis -Good if simple; guarded with volvulus Prevention of Abomasal Displacements -Reducing fore stomach agony caused by high concentrate diets -Increase fiber length and particle size (Penn State Sharker box) -Maintain serum calcium levels -Prevent ketoacidosis

Answer 10

-Most common complication from a ventral obamasopexy -Failure to remove suture in a timely manner -Can result from other surgeries

Answer 11

-Caused by stress and high starch diets -Microbiome? Types 1. Non-perforation 2. Non-perforating and bleeding 3. Perforating with localized peritonitis 4. Perforating with diffuse peritonitis Dx -PE: Bruxxism -Fecal occult blood test -Ultrasound -Abdominocentesis -Bloodwork C/S -Inappetence -Bruxxism: grinding the teeth habit -Salivation -Poor thought -Dietary preference Calves -Abrasion theory -Bacterial and fungal -NSAIDs -BVD or IBR -Stress -Nutritional deficiencies: copper, selenium VitE Tx -Remove starch -Blood transfusion? -Antibiotics? -Mucosal protectant!! Ex: Coating agents, Sucralfate, Alkalinizing agents, Synthetic prostaglandins, H2 antagonists, Proton pump inhibitors -Limited options for adult ruminants Gastroprotectants -Bismuth Subsalicylate: GRAS -Sucralfate -Aloe Vera Juice H2 antagonists -Famotidine -Ranitidine -Adverse effects: electrolyte disorders (people) or drug interactions Proton pump inhibitors -Omeprazole -Pantoprazole

Answer 12

-Usually beef cattle -Surgery usually unrewarding -Medical management: Laxatives, Detergens (DSS), fluids Intramural obstruction/ Lesions -Gravel, sand, etc Extramural obstruction/lesions -Neoplasia -Lymphoma in cattle -BLV status only indicates infection with the virus

Answer 13

Suffolk sheep only -Unknown cause -Anorexia -Wasting -Right abdominal distention -Tx unrewarding

Answer 14

Non-Infectious Intestinal Diseases Other than Diarrhea

Answer 15

C/S -Acute onset and rapid progression +/- painful colic (37%), abdominal enlargement, black tarry feces -Sudden death may occur -Mature dairy cattle primarily -Clusters or single cases **Clostridium perfringes Type A, potentially Aspergillus spp. ** Dx -Hx suggestive -Ultrasound -Exploratory -Necrosy -Tests: C. perfringes, Type A, culture, toxin typing, aspregillus Tx -Surgical resection (poor success) -surgical kneading: break the clotted blood down within the bowel) 60% success -Penicillin very early or Ampicillin -Anti-inflammatories, Lidocaine (pro kinetic effect) Prognosis -Guarded to grave HBS Control -Ration balance and feeding management -Adequate rumen fiber -Forage quality: avoid moldy feeds -Vaccination: Clostridium perfringes type A, Autogenous vax, commercial vx. -Omni-Gen AF: antifungal fed in feed, good for grain overload

Answer 16

-Pain and colic (acutely) -Abdominal slowly distends; bilateral -May be dehydrated (progressive) -Feces vary: dark bloody, dry pasty scant -Sporadic -Adults, mass tumor may be a cause -Usually mid to distal jejunum -Sequelae can require intensive management Dx -Rectal palpation: multiple loops of SI, spongy coiled mass -Exploratory surgery -Ultrasound Tx -Supportive -NSAIDs for pain -Surgical correction: can be done standing, right flank approach -General anesthesia preferred -Prophylactic antibiotics, Lidocaine drip -Cull Prognosis -Depends on duration of problem -Ileus post-op complication -Peritonitis poor prognosis

Answer 17

Spiral Colon Torsion -Acute onset -Colic -Sporadic **Palpable per rectum** **Surgery required** -Intense post-op care Cecal dilation/torsion -Straining, posturing, kicking at abdomen, hunched -Scant feces -Anorexia -Decreased milk -More severe C/S -Sporadic -Causes: high concentrate diet Dx -Rectal palpation: "Loaf of bread" anterior to the pelvis on the right side -"Ping" in the upper right paralumbar fossa Tx -Surgery required for severe -Anti-acids, laxatives, fluids -Change to high fiber diet -Cull Prognosis -80% dilation -75% torsion -10% reoccur

Answer 18

-Healthy newborn with gradual abdominal distention, eventually depression and anorexia **No feces** Dx -Rectal exam: NO FECES on glove Tx -Surgery: atresia ani vs. atresia recti or coli Prognosis -Guarded but success reported 35% **Discorage breeding**

Answer 19

Lidocaine -Drip to stimulate gut motility -Loading dose 1.3mg/kg per minute -Lidocaine toxicity: syringe pump or fluid pump Macrolides -Erythromycin can act on the motion receptor in the gut for a pro kinetic effect

Answer 20

-Overconditioned animals -Channel Island breeds C/S - Dx -Bloody stool -Colic -Treading, eventually intestinal obstruction -Hard masses via rectal palpation -Rectal strictures Tx -Slaughter -Isoprothiolane (anti fungal) Prognosis: poor

Answer 21

-Sequelae to rectal palpation -Use lube -Limit time palpating Tx -Antimicrobial -Anti-inflammatories -Fluid therapy Classification 1. Conservative tx 2&3. Immediate & extensive surgery 4. Grave prognosis Rectal Prolapse -Common -Tenesmus -Rabies can cause it -Dx based on Examination -Abdominal pressure in late pregnancy -Excessive coughing -Decreased anal sphincter tone (tail docking) -Colitis: coccidiosis, salmonella Tx -Replace & purse string -Caudal epidural ~6ml lidocaine (check with tail tone) +/- mucosal resection -Lube lots!! -Replace: evert completely, purse string +/- counterirritant

Answer 22

Antimicrobial stewardship AMDUCA Specific drugs Bovine Antibiotics Ruminant GI diseases considerations

Answer 23

-Safe food supply -Animal welfare Violations -Residue in edible tissues -Litigation: malpractice coverage does not apply for an "illegal" act Highest priority antimicrobials 1. Cephalosporins 3,4,5 generation 2. Fluoroquinolones Highly important antimicrobials 1. Cephalosporins 1,2 generation 2. Tetracyclines Stewardship -Preventing common diseases through multimodal strategies -Evidence based approaches -Judicious and sparingly use For drug regimen needs -Appropriate diagnostics -Disease severity and prevalence -Likelihood of antimicrobial response -PE consistent with infection -Lab work: CBC, Culture and sensitivity, diagnostics -Consider non-antimicrobial options prior/instead/in conjunction -Select drugs and optimize regimen following regulations AMDUCA, FDA What is a food animal? Major species: cattle, pigs, chickens, turkey Minor species: sheep, goat, pheasants, quail, farmed cervids, camelid, etc.

Answer 24

AMDUCA: VCPR Food animal considerations -Dx and evaluation -Establish an extended withdraw period **ELDU zero tolerance** -Institute procedures to assure the animal's identity is maintained -Take appropriate measures to assure that assigned withdraw times are met and no illegal residues occur Prohibited ELDU in Food animals (CCDFNN) Group 1 -Chloramphenicol -Clenbuterol -Diethylstibesterol -Fluoroquinolones-class -Glycopeptides (Vancomycin) -Nitroimidazole class -Nitrofuran class Restricted ELDU Group 2 -Cephalosporins: 3rd generation prohibition -Neuroaminidase inhibitors: chicken, turkey -Gentian violet (food or feed) -Phenylbutazone (female dairy cattle 20mts or older) -Sulfonamide class (lactating cattle) Grade A milk -Non-medical grade dimethylsulfoxide DMSO prohibited -Dipyrone -Colloid silver 3rd Generation Cephalosporin Regulatory aspect -ELDU prohibited -Exception: cephapirin products that are approved

Answer 25

1. Procaine Penicillin G Spectrum: Gram (+ & -), anaerobes, Gram (+) aerobes. Pk/PD: Cidal, time above MIC; low volume of distribution. Adverse reactions: Anaphylaxis Compliance: PPG IM/SQ Environment: concentrate in kidney and bladder, decreased with beta lactamases Diagnostics: validated breakpoint only with novobiocin for bovine mastitis 2. Oxytetracycline Spectrum: Gram (+ & -) aerobes & anaerobes. -Rickettsia, leptospira, protozoa, mycoplasma Pk/PD: Static; time above MIC, Vol Dis 0.8-1.0 L/kg Adverse effects: Nephrotoxic, collapse, injection site reactions Compliance: Approved and legal ELDU Environment: resistance, binds to cations Diagnostics: human-derived breakpoints 3. Enrofloxacin Spectrum: Gram (-) aerobes Pk/PD: cidal, AUC above MIC, high vol dis. Adverse effects: cartilage foals/young damage, seizures, retina, AI, other drug interaction. Compliance: no permissible ELDU Environment: not anaerobes, increased in kidneys and bladder Diagnostics: for cattle BRD 4. Tulathromycin Spectrum: Effective for Mycoplasma Pk/PD: static, time above MIC; vol dis >1L/kg Adverse effects: rectal edema in pigs, reactions if given IM Compliance: Injection site Environment: poor in acidic environments Diagnostics: cattle and swine resp dz 5. Sulfadimethoxidine Spectrum: Gram (+ & -) plus coccidia Pk/PD: static Adverse effects: everything Compliance: Injection site reactions, loading dose Environment: poor in purulent materials/debris Diagnostics: human derived breakpoints 6. Florfenicol Spectrum: Gram (+ & -) anaerobes, Gram (+) aerobes (enterobacter) Pk/PD: static? time above MIC, Vol dis > 1l/kg Adverse effects: anorexia in cattle, milk residues, bone marrow suppression Compliance: risks with ELDU in dairy animals Environment: Good tissue penetration Diagnostics: cattle & swine resp dz 7. Ampicillin Spectrum: Everything except enterobacter Pk/PD: Cidal, time above MIC; low vol dis. Adverse effects: anaphylaxis Compliance: SQ Environment: concentrates in kidney and bladder, decreased with beta lactamases Diagnostics: UTI data 8. Ceftiofur Spectrum: Gram (+) aerobes, Strep (+), Staph (-). Pk/PD: Cidal time above MIC Adverse effects: IV injection can be fatal (Excede, Excenel) Compliance: 3rd gen cephalosporin order of prohibition Environment: increased in kidney and bladder, decreased with beta lactamases Diagnostics: Resp dz

Answer 26

Lactating Dairy Cattle -Grade A milk: DSMO non medical prohibited, dipyrone, colloidal silver -Short milk withdrawal times: Ceftiofur, Ampicillin -Fluoroquinolones: no ELDU -Cephalosporins 3rd gen: no disease prevention, unless surgical prophylaxis -Respiratory disease prophylaxis: strict label adherence -Surgical prophylaxis: Ampicillin, Penicillin, Tulathromycin Rumen inactivation of Meds -Trimethoprim and Trimethoprim-sulfa -Most Clostridium infections respond to Penicillin or Beta-lactams. Be prepared for diarrhea, transfaunation required typically Aminoglycosides -Gentamicin, Amikacin, etc -Not prohibited -"Voluntary" bans AABP, AASRP -Prolonged residues in kidney, withdrawal times 18-24 mts

Answer 27

Sulfonamide effective -Water-based -Oral boluses -IV formulation Labelled formulations for food animals -IV, water-based, boluses -Not permissible to use sulfonamides in extra label in lactating cattle HBS -Beta lactase effective -Increased dosing frequencies -IV penecillin potassium -IM Ampicillin E. Coli and Salmonella -Treatment may lead to the development of resistance -Salmonella and fluoroquinolones resistance -Oral ampicillin or amoxicillin best Lumpy jaw and Wooden tongue -Need the drug to penetrate into tissue -Vol of dis: ability to concentrate in tissues of the body other than blood. -Oxytetracycline med-high Vol dis

Answer 28

Neonatal Calf diarrhea

Answer 29

1. Malabsorption -Cell destruction: blunted, less surface area -Lack of cell production 2. Osmotic -"Solution to pollution is dilution" -Solutes pull water into lumen: sugar, undigested ingesta, microbial fermentation byproducts -Intentional: miralax, lactulose 3. Increased hydrostatic pressure -24% blood flow -Uncommon in calves -Secondary to heart failure, renal or liver disease 4. Secretory -cAMP, cGAMP stimulation -Secretion of Cl, Na, K. -Movement of water into lumen 5. Motility abnormalities -Decreased transit time = less ability to absorb -Maldigestion leading to osmotic changes -Malabsorption increases luminal fluid volume 6. Inflammatory -Pro-inflammatory mediators "protect" GIT-secretion -PGE2 -Appropriate in moderation -NSAIDs induced ulcers

Answer 30

Cause -Colostrum deficiency -Poor management of colostrum, milk replacer, calf, organic debris. -Infectious: very small contributor Colostrum ->5.7 g/dl needed -QC checkpoint 1 day <7 days old

Answer 31

**There are few to no pathopneumonic appearances** Virus (Rota/Corona) -Osmotic diarrhea, maldigestion, malabsorptive, fecal-oral, PCR dx. -5 days to 14 days (Rota): Proximal jejunum, self limiting, enterotoxin released. -5 days to 1 mt (Corona): Distal SI and colon, mucohemorrhagic, crypt cell invasion. -Vax at birth (oral) or dams late gestation Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) -0-7 days old -F5 (K99) fimbria -Attachment ability decreases with age -Distal jejunum -Secretory diarrhea -Net loss of Na, K, Cl, HCO3, water -Minimal lesions in intestines -PCR/culture -Tx: antiendotoxic drugs, flunixin meglumine (caution ulceration if chronic use) -Rehydration Cryptosporidium -1-4 weeks old -Ileum, abomasum. -Malabsorptive: enterocyte invasion, lysis, blunting. -Osmotic from maldigestion -"Flat calf syndrome" **Zoonotic** -Calf hypoglycemic, comatose, emancipate, minimally dehydrated, energy deprived. -Tx: Ammonia or peroxide disinfecting products -Dx: acid fast staining, fecal flotation Salmonella spp -5-14 days, anytime Clostridium -Varies -Abomasitis, and or enteritis -Type A and C most common in USA -Young calves **<10 days old** C. perfringes: hemorrhagic enterocolitis. Beta toxin. 10-21 days old. Distal jejunum and ileum affected. -IV fluids, Abomasal decompression -Oxytetracycline, Penicillin -Antitoxin: oral or parenteral -Vax Dam late gestation Giardia -2wk-2mts old -ISTAT: **Acidemia** -Loss of HCO3 in feces -Decreased renal excretion of H+ -Organic acids: D-lactate, VFAs **Hyperkalemia** -Hypoglycemia **Bovine Enteric Panel: Corona/Rota-virus, Salmonella spp, E. coli K99, Crypto**

Answer 32

1. Self-limiting, mucohemorrhagic, 5 days old, vax orally or late gestation. Osmotic and malabsorptive 2. 0-5 days old, K99, loss of electrolytes = secretory, flunixin meglumine. 3. Malabsorptive, 10-30 days old, hypoglycemia, hypothermic, comatose, zoonotic 4. Hemorrhagic enterocolitis, penicillin, tetracyclines, late gestation vax 5. Acidemia, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, malabsorptive, Diagnostics -Fecal flotation -Direct fecal smear -Total protein -Pseudo-hyperproteinemia >7.5g/dl with PCV>45%

Answer 33

Giardia, Salmonella, Crypto

Answer 34

Calf diarrhea Neonate and Older

Answer 35

Etiology -Salmonella enterica spp. **serovar/subtypes DUBLIN** -Primary bovine adapted stain -Typhimurium, Newport, Montevideo -Fecal-oral: feces asymptomatic carrier -Cattle of all ages affected **Salmonella Dublin Zoonotic** Pathogenesis -Enterocyte attachment and destruction -Local inflammation, macrophages/neutrophils -Bacteremia -Predilection for lymphoid tissues: Peyer's patches through M-cells C/S -Fever, depression, anorexia, recumbency -Bloody, fetid diarrhea, fibrin casts -Malabsorptive, maldigestion. -Pneumonia -Abortions Dx -Fecal culture -PCR -Necropsy: GIT, mesenteric lymph node, Gall bladder, lung Tx -Aggressive IV fluids -Antiendotoxin therapy: flunixin meglumine -Antimicrobials: tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, ceftiofur, ahminoglycosides, fluoroquinolone, trimethoprim sulfa.

Answer 36

Etiology -EHEC, STEC -Secretory diarrhea -Attaching and effacing -Shinga toxin producing -Mucosal damage -GI hemorrhage -PCR

Answer 37

Eimeria spp. -E. zuernii -E. bovis -E. alabamensis Life cycle: 2-4 weeks C/S -3 weeks or older -Common 6-12 mts of age -Induced c/s by stressor -Bloody mucoid diarrhea -Tenesmus -Rectal prolapses -Self-limiting to death Nervous coccidiosis -6-12 mts old -Tremor, ataxia, recumbency -Unknown pathophysiology -Tx unrewarding **80-90% mortality** Dx -Fecal flotation Tx -Prevention -Sanitation, no overcrowding, sunlight, desiccation -Static drugs mixed with feed, thiamine co-treatment -Sulfa drugs injectables extra label

Answer 38

-Endemic -80% of all dairy herds -10% all beef -Few clinically affected animals -Host ruminants -Transmission: fecal oral, fecal exposure, in utero Pathophysiology -Endocytosis of pathogen in M-cells -Reside in mesenteric lymph and submucosa -Granulomatous immune response -2-5 year old -Ileum to cecum, colon, jejunum -Malabsorption, maldigestion -Ravenous eater with weight loss -PLE Dx **Reportable in some states** -ELISA -Biopsy: acid-fast -Culture: Gold standard, 8-12 weeks -PCR Stages I: Silent, subclinical, nondetectable (<2yo) II: Subclinical shedders (heifers, older) III: Clinical IV: Emanciated animals with fluid diarrhea (terminal stage) Tx -Recognize -Euthanize -Cull -Prevent calf exposure -Feces remova -Colostrum management -Pasteurization not 100% effective -Biosecurity **Zoonosis** -Association not causation -Pasteurized commercial milk -Culture in meat -Tx: human monoclonal antibodies

Answer 39

Hemorrhagic diarrhea -During winter and housed animals -Self limiting -Reduced milk production -Decreased feed intake -Seldom pyrexia -Histologic lesions confined to colon -Tx: supportive care

Answer 40

Stages I: Silent, subclinical, nondetectable (<2yo) II: Subclinical shedders (heifers, older) III: Clinical IV: Emanciated animals with fluid diarrhea (terminal stage) Tx -Recognize -Euthanize -Cull -Prevent calf exposure -Feces remova -Colostrum management -Pasteurization not 100% effective -Biosecurity

Answer 41

Etiology -Salmonella enterica spp. **serovar/subtypes DUBLIN** -Primary bovine adapted stain -Typhimurium, Newport, Montevideo -Fecal-oral: feces asymptomatic carrier -Cattle of all ages affected **Salmonella Dublin Zoonotic** Pathogenesis -Enterocyte attachment and destruction -Local inflammation, macrophages/neutrophils -Bacteremia -Predilection for lymphoid tissues: Peyer's patches through M-cells C/S -Fever, depression, anorexia, recumbency -Bloody, fetid diarrhea, fibrin casts -Malabsorptive, maldigestion. -Pneumonia -Abortions

Answer 42

Parasites, Liver Abscesses, BVDV control

Answer 43

Gastrointestinal Nematodes Ostertagia ostertagia: Abomasum Cooper punctata: Small intestine Haemonchus placed and contortus (calves). Trcihostrongylus, etc. -Economic losses: suboptimal milk/meat production -Exposure dependent on: geographic region, management style (pasture vs. drylot), anthelmintic use. O. Ostertagi -Abomasum -"Moroccan leather" -Summer and autumn - North -Winter and spring - South -Disease of the young, older developed immunity and resistant Type 1 -Acute, active infection -Young naive affected -Acute response Type 2 -Initial host immunity evasion - hypobiosis -Massive emergence of arrested larvae months after: activated by a number of host responses Hypobiosis -Remain in abomasal wall -Activated by hormones -Estrogen, glucocorticoids -Caloric intake changes -Temperature changes: overwinter -Severe issue in small ruminants

Answer 44

-Parasite of young cattle <12 mts old -SI damage -High fecundity: shed lots of eggs -Resistant nematode species to macrocyclic lactones (Ivermectins) Dx -McMasters fecal flotation -Modified Wisconsin: single or double centrifugation -FLOATC protocol: more sensitive with lower egg counts. Calves/adults Tx -Methodical deworming -80% of the problem in 20% of the herd -No extended release product in young animals <700-900 lbs -No cookie cutter method -Benzimidazole: Cooperia spp. susceptible -Macrocyclic lactones -Injectable, pour on, product limitations

Answer 45

-Fusobacterium necrophorum: predominant pathogen -Trueperella pyogenes -Disease of feedlot cattle -Last 60 days of finishing -Ration changes, longest exposure on feed, intake variation with body composition Pathophysiology -Ruminitis-liver abscess complex -Ruminal acidosis, accumulation of VFAs and lactic acid -High carbohydrate diet -Sudden change in feeding schedule, low roughage content -Trauma to luminal surface from sharp feed particles -Bacteria invade the rumen wall, translocation to portal circulation, entrapment in portal capillary beds within liver. C/S -Uncommon unless sequela present -Septic cardiac and pulmonary emboli -Caudal vena cava syndrome: phlebitis and secondary thrombus, rupture, occlusion of CVC, pneumonia, infarction, endocarditis, hemoptysis epistaxis. Tx -Uncommon unless clinical signs -Prevention better: vax, mitigate antibiotic use. -Tylosin in feed (VFD required) -Antibioitics at time of known grain overload: penicillin, ceftiofur, tetracycline, tylosin **30-42 consecutive days** Tylosin -MOA: macrolide. R50s protein synthesis inhibition -Oralformulation -Bacteristatic -Direct inhibition of Fusobacterium necrophorum -Fermentation modulation -VFD regulates quantity and treatments allowed "For reduction of incidence of liver abscesses associated with fusobacterium necrophorum and Arcanobacterium pyogenes"

Answer 46

-Production loss $400-500/head -PI calves can cause $5-10/exposed calf -Biosecurity is crucial -PI reservoirs -Pregnant cows exposed to suckling calves 40-125 days gestation -PI cows will produce PI calves -Testing is crucial -Vaccines MLV or kill but not a "silver bullet" -30 day quarantine incoming animals -If purchasing bred animals: test all progeny Testing strategy -Dependent on producer -Compliance concerns -Costs -Herd size -Calving window: year around? -When in doubt call the laboratory they are helpful Screening for PI calves -Test all calves -IHC or antigen capture ELISA -Test dams of positive calves: transient infection, PI cow -Repeat annually Vaccines -No vaccine protocol is perfect -Goal is to reduce exposure to fetus -Not aimed at preventing clinical signs of acutely infection -BVDV 1B most common isolate in North America -Concerns with MLV causing abortions

Answer 47

GI Fluid Therapy

Answer 48

Oral fluids <8% dehydration - Calf -Clinically BAR -Sodium 90-130mmol/L -Glucose, citrate, acetate, proprionate, or glycine: facilitate the absorption of water -Provide alkalinizing agent: acetate, propionate, or bicarbonate: correct acidosis -Provide energy: do not withhold feed. Alternate milk and electrolytes; NEVER TOGETHER IV Fluids -Neonatal calf diarrhea -Hurry to improve severe acidemia -Jugular or ear vein -Sodium bicarbonate - ISOTONIC (1.3%) **first choice in most instances** -Commercial product is 8.4% (1mEq/ml HCO3) -Baking soda NaHCO3: 13 g/L is isotonic since 1g = 12mEq HCO3. 1ml = 1g so use syringes -Add 10-15 mEq KCl to fluids (1g = 14mEq K+) -Commercial products available or lite salt from grocery store. -Potassium will be driven into cells as pH rises -No more than 0.5mEq/kg/hr -Add glucose usually 1-5%, phlebitis if over 7% given in peripheral vein Adult Oral -Cheap, easy, high volume deliver ability: NOT if RUMEN Distended -Can worsen discomfort (vagal animal), obstruction, atony -Do not add glucose: alters fermentation -Electrolytes: YMCP/custom mix -Alfalfa meal IV Fluids -Volume delivery issues based on weight -Max flow rate 14 gauge catheter limiting step -Roughly 230 ml/min with pressure bag -Multiple catheters if necessary -Hypertonic solution (7.2% NaCl) -4ml/kg -Rapid volume expansion. -Lasts ~ 30min -Must give with oral fluids: strongly recommend giving oral BEFORE IV hypertonic: needs to be rapidly available -Commercial/homemade solution via carboys -Lacatated ringers comes in 5L bags convenience rather than ideal solution

Answer 49

Small ruminants neonates -Dextrose administration NO SQ = abscesses -CMPK -Subcutaneous: cervical region recommended -Rectal fluids: case dependent for efficacy

Answer 50

-Anemia -Shock - all types -Hypoproteinemia -Sepsis -Electrolyte derangements -Dehydration -Renal disease -Parenteral nutrition -Hypoglycemia -Hypocalcemia -Hypophosphatemia -GI disease -Hypovolemia -Failure of passive transfer -Acid/base imbalance **60% of BW if water** **younger animals > water/BW than adults**

Answer 51

PE findings -Eye recession -Skint tent -Suckle reflex -Diarrhea -Pallor Dx -PCV/TP -ISTAT -BHB -Lactate

Answer 52

Available Fluids -Dextrose -Isotonic -Hypertonic -Colloids: commercial, homemade -Plasma -Whole blood Oral fluids <8% dehydration - Calf -Clinically BAR -Sodium 90-130mmol/L -Glucose, citrate, acetate, proprionate, or glycine: facilitate the absorption of water -Provide alkalinizing agent: acetate, propionate, or bicarbonate: correct acidosis -Provide energy: do not withhold feed. Alternate milk and electrolytes; NEVER TOGETHER Adult -Cheap, easy, high volume deliver ability: NOT if RUMEN Distended -Can worsen discomfort (vagal animal), obstruction, atony -Do not add glucose: alters fermentation -Electrolytes: YMCP/custom mix -Alfalfa meal

Answer 53

Calves with diarrhea -Acidemia <7 DoA = base excess of -10 to -15 >7 DoA = base excess of -15 to -20 Total depletion of K Adult Cows -Metabolic alkalosis -Most GI conditions -Obstructions: hypochloremic hyponatremic alkalosis -Metabolic acidosis -Carbohydrate engorgement, choke (salivation), ketosis, renal failure -Will have marked rebounding alkalosis once fixed (caution of overshoot)

Answer 54

Replacement of current deficit Fluid volume Electrolyte concentration Replacement of ongoing loss Daily requirements

Answer 55

Do no harm -Electrolyte overdose -Cerebral edema (sodium) -Cardiac arrest (hyperkalemia) -Induce infection non-aseptic technique -Replace catheter q4 days -Monitor respiratory rate, acidotic increased RR -Administer fluids and reassess, then repeat

Answer 56

Replacement IV -50-80 ml/kg/hr -Isotonic 300-450 mosmols/L -Sodium and chloride concentrations at physiologic concentration -Potassium 10-20 mEq/L: 1g KCl = 14 mEq K/L -Dextrose 10-20 g/L (1-2%) -Bicarbonate or suitable precursor <7 DoA = Base excess of -10 to -15 >7 DoA = Base excess of -15 to -20

Answer 57

Food Animal Dermatology

Answer 58

Bovine Skin -Barrier to environment -Sensory -Vitamin D synthesis -Body temp regulation -Bos indicus vs. Bos taurus: hide thickness, haircoat density Common Conditions -Infectious: parasites, bacteria, fungi, virus -Trauma: management conditions, frostbite, abscesses -Neoplasia Parasites - Flies -Horny fly (Haematobia irritans) -Face fly (Musca autumnalis) Problems -Decreased production, head shaking, bunching, twitching, tail switch, fly strike, pink eye **Peak season in TN June-July** Tx -Topical sprays -Dust socks -Oral lick tubs: insect growth regulators -Environmental traps -Ear tags: waning efficacy ~ 2 weeks before season begins Stephanofiliariasis -Nematode -Intermediate host-horn fly (Stenofilaria stilesi) -Deposits L3 on skin -Filarial dermatitis ventral midline -Clinically insignificant lesions Hypoderma -"Warbles" "Cattle Grub" -H. bovis "northern cattle grub" -Eggs deposits upper body, migrate to spinal canal -H. lineatum "common cattle grub" -Norther and Southern USA -Eggs deposit on legs and venture -Migrate to esophagus -Severe economic loss carcass/hide damage: encysts "warbles" molt to L3 "grubs" in Spring. Invade SQ fascia and migrate Treatment -Manual removal -Insecticides: early autumn when eggs hatch. -Do NOT treat Oct-March in Northern US, larvae already present, too much killed and migration = esophagitis, choke, impaired eructation, bloat. Epiduritis/CNS damage = paralysis Lice -Host specific -Mallophaga: biting louse -Anoplura: sucking louse -Most prevalent in winter Dx -Visual identify, gross hair coat examination, eggs (nits) in hair, check tail head Treatment -Topical products for biting louse -Topical or injectable products for sucking louse Less common conditions -Nutritional: mineral deficiencies vs. toxicosis -Toxicities: photosensitization -Anaphylaxis -Congenital anomalies

Answer 59

1. Psoroptic mange -Host specific **Reportable P. bovis** -Belgium blue cattle and merino sheep susceptible -Winter prevalence -Survives up to 3 weeks off host **Superficial, do not burrow** 2. Chorioptic mange -Chorioptis bovis "leg mange" -Host specific **Do not burrow** -Superficial infection -Can not live off host -Erythema, crusts, scaling, PERINEUM, hind limbs, tail/scrotum 3. Sarcastic mange -SEVERE pruritis -Head and neck or generalized -Burrow into epidermis -Able to live off host Mange General Signs -Pruritis -Erythema, crusts, scabs General Dx -Skin scrapes and microscope General treatment -Topical and injectable ivermectin's -Sarcoptic mange requires sustained treatments every 2 weeks for 2-4 treatments

Answer 60

Screwworm -Cochliomyia hominivorax -Eradicated in USA **Reportable** -Found only in healthy tissue Bacteria Dermatophilosis -"Rain rot/scald" "lumpy wool" -Dermatophilus congolensis: Filamentous bacteria aerobic -Requires skin abrasion: unable to impede skin barrier on own **Paint brush lesions** -Superficial folliculitis usually on dorsum Dx -Impression smear Tx -Topical debridement -Topical antiseptics: lime sulfur, chlorhexidine +/- parenteral antibiotics -Penicillin, oxytetracycline Superficial Pyoderma -Semantics: Furunculosis: after follicular wall -Impetigo: do not affect hair follicles -S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius **zoonotic potential** Penicillin resistant Dx -Impression smear -Biopsy Tx -Topical antiseptic +/- Ceftiofur culture/sensitivity if not responsive Udder Cleft Dermatitis -Superficial infection -Poor udder confirmation -Clean and apply astringent: Granulex, Teratogen

Answer 61

Dermatophytosis -Ringworm -Trichophyton spp. T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes -Microsporum spp. -INvade only fully keratinized "nonliving tissue" -Younger cattle most susceptible -Transmission by direct contact or fomites Dx -Circular alopeic regions "classic" -Superficial or deep lesions -Variable pruritic -Trichogram -Fungal culture: peripheral samples found up to 4 inches around edge Tx -Self limiting -Topical: Lime sulfur, water/bleach, -azoles/chlorhexidine solutions -Sytemic: Nal, antifungal (extra label and expensive) **Infectious even if it looks dead**

Answer 62

1. Thorough PE 2. Skin cytology 3. Biopsy 4. Blood analyte evaluation

Answer 63

1. Bovine Papilloma virus -"Warts" -Strains 1-10 (2 most common) -Most frequent in young animals -Ears, teats, penis, interdigital skin, alimentary tract -Benign lesions: can predispose to other conditions -Spontaneously regress -Immunocompromised may be more affected Dx -Visual -Biopsy Tx -Crush/pinch/cryotherapy -Leave alone Prevention -Clean equipment -Tattoo equipment -Halters Vaccination -Autogenous -Commercial vax anecdotally takes 6-8 weeks 2. Pseudocowpox -Parapoxvirus -Confined to teats Dx: visual, papules, crusting, scabbing -Vesiculations are rare: differentiating from herpes, vaccine, cowpox. -Self-limiting: secondary to mastitis economic problems 3. Bovine Herpes Mammillitis: uncommon -Vesiculation on teats: "leathery" texture after rupture -Oral, udder, or generalized skin lesions -Secondary mastitis -Takes 3-10 weeks to heal -Tx: supportive care 4. BVDV - mucosal disease 5. Vesicular Stomatitis 6. Foot and mouth disease 7. Skin trauma -Tail fecoliths -Ear tags, fly tags -Frosbite: differentiate from salmonellosis, sepsis, fescue toxicosis -Abscesses from penetrating trauma, dirty needles, residual from a sepsis, etc.

Answer 64

Urticaria -Hypersensitivity -Type 1: IgE -Type 2: Cytotoxic, antibody, complement -Type 3: immune complexes Milk allergy -Heritable -Occurs during dry-off period -Localized or generalized urticaria -Casein allergy Tx -Antihistamines -Cull

Answer 65

Milk scald -Fat gobbles adhere to skin -Improper mixing Diarrhea scald -Can apply vaseline to reduce irritation Telogen effluvium/defluxion -Stressful event precedes onset: fever, sepsis

Answer 66

Copper deficiency -Depigmentation -Molybdenum and others can alter absorption Congenital/Nutritional Zinc responsive dermatosis -Holstein-Fresians -Autosomal recessive: lethal trait A46 -Defect in Zn absorption -Parakeratosis -Diet also possible cause: high calcium, bioavailability of some formulations

Answer 67

Hairy vetch -Vicia villosa -Unknwon pathophysiology -Affect black hide Photosensitization -Light pigmented skin -Photodynamic agent -Ultraviolet light -Types 1-3 Type 1 -Ingestion of photodynamic agent -St. John's Wort -Perinneal ryegrass -Buckwheat -Etc Type 2 -Congenital abnormalities in porphyrin or liver metabolism -Heme synthesis defect -Accumulation of photodynamic agents -Uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin -Holstein, Shorthorn, Jamaican breeds -"pink tooth" and urine illuminate with Wood lamp Bovine protoporphyria -Limousin and Charolais cattle Type 3 -Liver disease -Direct liver shunt -Accumulation of phylloerythrin/porphyrin -Common Grousel -Ragwort -Tarweed -Rattleweed -Etc

Answer 68

SCC -Most common ocular tumor -White faced cattle -Carcass condemned Melanoma -Dark hided animals -Majority are benign Cutaneous Lymphoma -Juvenile from BLV -T-cell origin -Can regress spontaneously Congenital -Hypotrichosis with anodontia: X-linked recessive -Hypotrichosis with incisor anodontia: H-linked incomplete dominant Acantholysis -Breakdown of stratum spinosum -Autosomal recessive -Angus cattle

Exam 1 Flashcards

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