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Kinesiology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chinese used what for healing

A

acupunture and herbs 3,000BC

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2
Q

Eygptians

A

began embalming mummies 2,000BC

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3
Q

Where was anatomy first accepted?

A

Greece 800BC

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4
Q

Homer

A

Greek Author 800 BC
- Made detailed descriptions of battle wounds in the ilad
- TOO CLEAN to be battle wounds

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5
Q

Hippocrates

A

Father of Medicine - heal people do no harm

Four humors blood, yellow bile, phelgm, black bile

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6
Q

Artistole

A

student of plato

studied why and how we move around

Heart - seat of intelligence
Brain - Cools Blood

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7
Q

Library of Alexandra

A

Burned Down

Vivesections - disections of living people

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8
Q

Galen

A

130-201 A.D

First physicians to the gladiator

Perpetuated the four humors

Dark Ages

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9
Q

Leonardo De Vinci

A

Viturvian man - found that the body had lots of symmetry.

  • Wide range of knowledge
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10
Q

Andreas Vesalius

A

1514 - 1564

Reformer of Anatomy - Claimed modern medicine had begun

Answered the question of what made the body tick

Believed that the four humors were not true

Questioned Galens Theories

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11
Q

Microscope

A

cells, bones, nuerons

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12
Q

X-ray

A

2-D image (for bone)

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13
Q

Ultrasound

A

use high frequency sound waves which reflect back to the transducer

different densities effect different blood flow rates

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14
Q

CT

A

X-ray beams move in a circle around the body.

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15
Q

MRI

A

Protons in tissue respond to pulse of radio waves while they are being magnetized

different densities are detected

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16
Q

PET positron emmison tomograpgy

A

use radioactive tracers

detect
alzheimers
organ function
heart conditions
brain disorders

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17
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

protect absorb secrete sensory reception

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18
Q

Connective Tissue

A

most abundant, connects, protects, lots of collagen

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19
Q

Connective

Fascia

A

Binds structures

Found between muscles

Enveloping sheaths

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20
Q

Connective

Bursa

A

Pocket like accumulations of fluid

Bursa protects bone

Found in regions where shock and friction are common

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21
Q

Connective

Tendon

A

Connect muscle to bone

Dense parralell collagen

Aponeuroses (flattened tendon)

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22
Q

Connective

Ligament

A

Connects bone to bone

Dense parrellel collagenous tissue

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23
Q

Connective

Cartilage

A

Fibers within jelly like substances

Framework is resistant to damage

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24
Q

Connective

Bone

also blood is a connective tissue

A

Hardest connective tissue

Contains calcium and phoshorus which is hardened

No collagen

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25
Muscle 3 Types
Smooth - Involuntary Cardiac - Heart - Involuntary Skeletal - Bones - Voluntary
26
Nervous Tissue
Sense, integrates and initiates action muscle cannot contract without nervous stimulation Two types of cells: neurons and nueroglia
27
Reflexes do not need......
brain it comes from the spinal cord
28
6 Functions of the Bone
Support Protect Assist in Movement Mineral Storage - store Ca and phosphorus Blood formation Storage of Energy
29
Osetoprogenitor Cells
Stem Cells
30
Osteocytes
mature bone cells
31
Osteoblast
cells that form bone w/ Ca and phosphorus
32
Osteoclast
resorption of bone or break down
33
Osteoporosis and Risk Factors
Bone resorption outpaces growth Risk Factors: History Gender Older Women Height Weight - Heavier is better Age Smoking Vitamins Exercise
34
How much of the bone is organic?
1/3 is organic collagen This provides tensile strength to stretch bone
35
How much of the bone is nonorganic?
2/4 nonorganic calcium Provide compressive strength Lots of sunlight prevents mineral deficency and less bone breaks
36
Other Bone Tissue
Hyaline Cartilage - Holds femur to knee Fibrous Connective tissue - holds plates of skull and pelvis Blood Nervous tissue Adipose - Fat Marrow - Bone
37
Bone is stronger than......
Steel
38
Two Bone Tissue Type
Spongy Bone (cancellous) - absorb quick landings - Contains spaces - fat between bone Dense Bone - Cortical or Compact) - all bones covered in it -Found in shaft of long bones -resist bending
39
Bone Remodeling WOLFFS LAW
Bone will be laid down where needed and resorbed where not needed
40
Factors that influence Bone Remodeling
Minerals - Ca and Phosphorus Vitamins - D especially Sex Hormones - estrogen, testorterone Mechanical loading - exercise
41
Low testosterone in track women
cause bone breaks and no periods because there body doesn't have enough energy
42
Long Bone Anatomy
Periosteum - Dense Layer on the outside of the bone Epiphysis - regions at the end of the bone Where growth occurs
43
Joint Types 3
Fibrous - Connective tissue between bones Cartilaginous - Cartilage between bones Synovial - Space between bone for cartilage
44
Fibrous Synarthordial
Immovable Gomphhosis
45
Amphiarthrodial Definition and Types
Slightly moveable Syndesmosis - (Fibrous) connects two parts of the same bone Symphysis - (cartilaginous) Synchondrosis - (cartilaginous)
46
Diarthrodial Synovial Joint
Lots of movement Space between articulation bones Articular Cartilage (Hyaline)
47
Functions of Synovial Fluid
1. Lubrication 2. Provides nourishment at the end of long bones 3. Shock Absorption
48
Synovial (Diarthrodial) Joints
1. Gliding nonaxial joints - slide - intercarpal joints 2. Pivot uniaxial - move one direction - radio ulnar joint 3. Hinge Uniaxial Joint - Humero ulnar joint 4. Ellipsoidal (Condyloid) move one direction - metacarpophalengeal 5. Saddle Joints Biaxial - Cant Twist - carpometacarpal 6. Ball and Socket - Triaxial - Femoroacetabular joint (hip)
49
Osteoarthritis
- wear and tear at joint - articular cartilage damaged - bone growth - large joints affected
50
Rheumentoid Arthritis
Immune System Malfunction Immune System attacking synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid.
51
Nervous System Functions
- Sense --Externally --Internally - Integrates - Initiates Action
52
Neuroglia Basics
- Protects nuerons and aids their function and support - Oligodendrocytes CNS and Shawann Cells PNS - Astrocyte - most abundant neuroglia
53
Oligodendrocytes CNS and Shawann Cells PNS
Produce myelin sheath
54
Astrocyte - most abundant neuroglia
Creates blood brain barrier Nueron sends signal and then astrocyte responds
55
In a Neuron the bigger the diameter the......
faster the action potential
56
White and Gray Matter
White Matter - Contains bundles of myelinated axons Grey Matter - Contains cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, synapses
57
Multiple Sclerosis MS
Immune System attacks myelin 20-40 years of age women numbness and weakness Double Vision Lack of cordination
58
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS
Progressive degeneration of alpa motor neurons
59
Two Types of Nueral Synapses
Electrical in cardiac muscle Chemical nueromuscular junction
60
Electrical Synapse in cardiac muscle
Direct connection between membranes Spanned by connexons
61
Nueromuscular Junction
Synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle Nuerotransmitter = Ach Action Potentials pathways are always excitatory
62
Alpha motor neuron
Largest neurons in the body Myelinated Cell bodies located in brainstem and spinal cord
63
Resting Membrane Potential
Positive outside the cell with more Na and negative inside with more K
64
Postsynaptic cells recieve inputs of.....
Excitatory or Inhibitory all or none from the axon hillock
65
Voluntary Movement
initaite in brain signals carry down spinal cord
66
Reflexive Movement Involuntary
Initiated in receptors Sensory neurons to spinal cord motor neurons trigger muscle
67
Golgi Tendon Organs
Detect Tension applied to a tendon
68
Muscle Functions
Movement Stability Communication to muscles Heat 85 percent of the body
69
Muscle Properties
Excitability - receive in response to stimulus Conductivity he excitable membrane Contractibility ability to shorten (stretch muscle when bending) Extensibility ability to stretch without being damaged Elasticity ability to return to normal shape after stretching
70
Concentric
Muscle shortens, when active
71
Escentric
Muscle length whenactive
72
Isometric
Muscle remains same length of an active
73
T - tubule
Brings action potential into inferior muscle fiber
74
Terminal cisternae
Holds calcium
75
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Stores calcium
76
Myofibrils
Where action happens Inside myofibrils, the microfilament is responsible for shortening
77
Slow twitch muscle fibers
Low force aerobic slow to fatigue
78
Intermediate muscle fibers
Moderate force, mostly aerobic, slow to fatigue
79
Fast twitch muscle fibers
High force anaerobic quick to fatigue 
80
Hyperplasia
Makes more cells
81
Hyper trophy
Pack more actin and myosin into the cells
82
Exercise stimulates increases in
Protein filaments Mitochondria ATP production Myoglobin Glycogen Blood capillaries
83
More motor units equals
More force
84
When action potentials increases
the muscle is stimulated repeatedly The frequency is continuous
85
How many muscles are in the body?
600

Kinesiology (1 decks)

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