Exam 1

Question 1

What is the different alleles of genes found within individuals of a population?

Answer 1

Genetic variation

Question 2

What did Darwin believe in when it came to evolution?

Answer 2

Descent with modification

Question 3

The study of genetic variation within a population

Answer 3

population genetics

Question 4

What were the Hardy-Weinburg assumptions?

Answer 4

1. No mutation
2. No immigration
3. Random mating
4. Infinate population
5. No selection

Question 5

What does it mean if a system is in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium?

Answer 5

No evolution is occurring

Question 6

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

Answer 6

p2+2pq+q2

Question 7

what are the gene change agents?

Answer 7

1. mutation
2. gene flow
3. nonrandom mating
4. genetic drift
5. selection

Question 8

What is the ultimate source of variation?

Answer 8

mutation

Question 9

what is the movement of alleles from one population to another?

Answer 9

gene flow

Question 10

What is it when individuals with certain genotypes sometimes mate with one another more commonly than would be expected on a random basis?

Answer 10

Nonrandom mating

Question 11

what is it when there is a random fluctuation in allele frequencies over time by chance?

Answer 11

genetic drift

Question 12

what is the genetic contribution of an individual to succeeding generations?

Answer 12

evolutionary fitness

Question 13

what is the fitness of an individual relative to other individuals within a population

Answer 13

relative fitness

Question 14

what is it when a population is drastically reduced in size causing a loss of variability

Answer 14

bottleneck effect (drift)

Question 15

what is it when certain individuals are separated from the rest of the population leading to genetic change

Answer 15

founder effect (drift)

Question 16

what is it when there is a change in allele frequencies in a population over time?

Answer 16

evolution

Question 17

What is a type of selection that depends on how frequently or infrequently a phenotype occurs in a population?

Answer 17

frequency-dependent selection

Question 18

what is the type of selection that alternately favors one phenotype at one time and a different phenotype at another time?

Answer 18

oscillating selection

Question 19

what is when there are favors in individuals with copies of both alleles, leading to maintain both alleles in a population?

Answer 19

heterozygote advantage

Question 20

what type of selection acts to eliminate rather than favor the intermediate type

Answer 20

disruptive selection

Question 21

what type of selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes?

Answer 21

directional selection

Question 22

what type of selection is when both extremes are eliminated, and the intermediate phenotype is favored?

Answer 22

stabilizing selection

Question 23

what is it when alleles affect multiple aspects of a phenotype and affects can be placed on how the phenotype can be altered?

Answer 23

pleiotrophy

Question 24

what is the energy and time each sex invests in producing rearing offspring?

Answer 24

parental investment

Question 25

what is a type of selection of differential reproduction that results from variable success in obtaining mates?

Answer 25

sexual selection

Question 26

what are competitive interactions among members of one sex to achieve fertilization success?

Answer 26

intrasexual selection

Question 27

what is selection by members of one sex of which individuals in the other sex will get to mate?

Answer 27

intersexual selections

Question 28

what is selection techniques that are used to persuade the opposite sex?

Answer 28

secondary sexual characteristics

Question 29

what type of selection can remove variation form a population faster than mutation can replenish it?

Answer 29

intense selection

Question 30

what is a select advantage of alleles at one gene may vary between genotypes?

Answer 30

epistasis

Question 31

what are p and q in hardy-Weinberg?

Answer 31

allele frequencies

Question 32

what are p2 and q2

Answer 32

genotypic frequencies

Question 33

what is q?

Answer 33

recessive allele

Question 34

what is p?

Answer 34

dominant allele

Question 35

what is the change in genetic structure of populations due to selective breeding by humans?

Answer 35

artificial selection

Question 36

what is it when the independent development of similar structures in organisms that are not directly related often found in similar environments?

Answer 36

convergent evolution

Question 37

What is it when there are structures with different appearances and functions that all derived from the same body part in a common ancestor?

Answer 37

homologous structures

Question 38

What structure has no apparent current function and is thought to be an evolutionary relic?

Answer 38

vestigial structures

Question 39

What is the study of the geographic distribution of species?

Answer 39

biogeography

Question 40

what is a copy of a gene that is not transcribed?

Answer 40

pseudogene

Question 41

What define species as groups of populations that have the potential to interbreed and that are reproductively isolated from other groups?

Answer 41

biological species concept

Question 42

What is the reproductive isolation in which the formation of a zygote is prevented

Answer 42

prezygotic

Question 43

the reproductive isolation barrier in which species live in the same area but different habitats so they don't encounter each other.

Answer 43

ecological

Question 44

the reproductive isolation barrier in which there is difference in mating rituals

Answer 44

behavioral

Question 45

the reproductive isolation barrier in which reproduction in different seasons/times of day

Answer 45

temporal

Question 46

the reproductive isolation barrier in which structural differences prevent mating

Answer 46

mechanical

Question 47

the reproductive isolation barrier in which zygotes are produced but are unable to develop into reproducing adults

Answer 47

postzygotic

Question 48

the reproductive isolation barrier in which hybrid embryos do not develop properly, hybrid adults do not survive in nature or they are sterile

Answer 48

hybrid inviability

Question 49

the idea that one species can split into two at a single locality

Answer 49

sympatric speciation

Question 50

what is all the alleles present in a species?

Answer 50

gene pool

Question 51

what concept proposes that the distinctions among species are maintained by natural selection

Answer 51

ecological species concept

Question 52

what is it when the evolutions of several divergent forms from a primitive and unspecialized ancestor?

Answer 52

adaptive radiation

Question 53

what is the process in which natural selection favors individuals in a species that use resources?

Answer 53

character displacement

Question 54

what is the view that species change very slowly in ways that may be imperceptible from one generation to the next?

Answer 54

gradualism

Question 55

the hypothesis about the mechanisms of evolutionary change proposing that long periods of little change are punctuated by periods of rapid evolution.

Answer 55

punctuated evolution

Question 56

the condition in which one or more entire sets of chromosomes are added to the diploid genome

Answer 56

polyploidy

Question 57

a polyploid organism that contains a duplicated genome of the same species, may result from a meiotic error

Answer 57

autopolyploid

Question 58

a polyploid organism that contains the genomes of 2 or more different species

Answer 58

allopolyploid

Question 59

what is the evolutionary history of an organism including which species are closely related and in what order the species evolved?

Answer 59

phylogeny

Question 60

a group that incudes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all its descendants

Answer 60

monophyletic

Question 61

a group that includes the most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all its descendants

Answer 61

paraphyletic

Question 62

a group that does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group

Answer 62

polyphyletic

Question 63

a taxonomic technique used for creating hierarchies of organisms that represent true phylogenic relationship and descent

Answer 63

cladistics

Question 64

species or higher level group, such as genus or family

Answer 64

taxon

Question 65

what is the most recently derived trait?

Answer 65

synapomorphy

Question 66

what is the idea of a shared derved character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor exhibiting that character state (from convergent evolution)

Answer 66

homoplasy

Question 67

the species concept that defines species on the basis of their phylogenic relationship

Answer 67

phylogenic species concept