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A & P of domesticated animals > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of connective tissue?

A

forms metabolic and structural connections

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2
Q

what are the four major classes of CT?

A
  • CT proper
  • cartilage
  • osseus (bone)
  • blood
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3
Q

what makes connective tissue?

A
  • ECM
  • vascularity
  • make structural elements (ground substance, extracellular fibers, cells)
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4
Q

what is the ECM?

A

the substance found between cells that provides support and nourishment

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5
Q

the extracellular matrix is the mixture of _____ and _____.

A

extracellular fibers; ground substance

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6
Q

what are the three types of extracellular fibers?

A

collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

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7
Q

what is the function of extracellular fibers?

A

provides support and structure to the connective tissue

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8
Q

extracellular fibers are the ______ component of ECM.

A

fibrous

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9
Q

ground substance is the ______ component of ECM.

A

jelly-like or liquid

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10
Q

what are the three types of extracellular fibers?

A

collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

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11
Q

collagen fibers - structure

A

strong, thick strands composed of collagen organized in long parallel fibers

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12
Q

collagen fibers - function

A

provide tensile strength for resistance against pulling forces

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13
Q

where are collagen fibers found?

A

tendons and ligaments

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14
Q

what is the structure of elastic fibers?

A

branched, complex fibers of elastin in coiled bundles

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15
Q

what is the function of elastic fibers?

A

they can stretch and contract without losing integrity

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16
Q

where are elastic fibers found?

A

vocal cords, lungs, skin, and blood vessels

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17
Q

what is the structure of reticular fibers? what is it composed of?

A

net-like; thin, delicate branched fibers composed of collagen and coated in glycoprotein

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18
Q

what is the function of reticular fibers?

A

they provide support around complex organs

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19
Q

where are reticular fibers found?

A

endocrine glands, liver, nerves, muscle fibers, capillaries

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20
Q

what are the three structural elements of connective tissue?

A

ground substance, extracellular fibers, and different types of cells

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21
Q

what are connective tissue cells?

A

fundamental cell types at various stages of growth

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22
Q

what is a fibroblast?

A

a non-specified, general type of cell that builds connective tissue

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23
Q

what is a chondrablast?

A

the cell responsible for building cartilage

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24
Q

what is an osteoblast?

A

the cell type responsible for building bone

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25
Q

what are mezenchymal stem cells?

A

non-specified stem cells that can become any other cell type

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26
Q

what is a hematopoietic stem cell?

A

immature cell type

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27
Q

what are adipocytes?

A

fat cells

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28
Q

what response are mast cells responsible for?

A

inflammatory

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29
Q

what are the properties of CT?

A
  • cell “poor”
  • ECM “rich”
  • vascular
  • most are dense/rigid in structure (some are fluid and flexible though)
  • all derived from mezenchymal stem cells
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30
Q

what is the overall function of CT?

A

to connect, protect, and support

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31
Q

what are the four major classes of CT?

A
  1. CT proper
  2. cartilage
  3. bone
  4. blood
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32
Q

what are the two types of CT proper?

A
  1. loose
  2. dense
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33
Q

what is the function of loose CT proper?

A

to support the structure it surrounds; joins together the cells of the other main tissue types and joins tissues into organs

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34
Q

what is the most widely distributed CT type?

A

loose CT proper

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35
Q

what are the three subclasses of loose CT?

A

areolar, adipose, and reticular

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36
Q

what is the structure of areolar CT?

A

most plentiful, loosely organized, liquid, and very dense

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37
Q

what is the function of areolar CT?

A

wraps and cushions organs

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38
Q

what fiber types are found in areolar CT?

A

elastic, collagen, and reticular

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39
Q

what cell types are found in areolar CT?

A

fibroblasts, WBC, mast cells, and macrophages

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40
Q

where is areolar CT found?

A

across the body

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41
Q

what is the structure of adipose CT?

A

fat tissue; large, bubble-like, small amount of matrix

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42
Q

what is the function of adipose tissue?

A

contains reserve food stores, insulates, supports, protects, and stores energy

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43
Q

what fiber types are found in adipose CT?

A

elastic, collagen, reticular

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44
Q

what cell types are found in adipose CT?

A

adipocytes

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45
Q

where is adipose CT found in the body?

A

under skin, around kidneys, within abdomen, in breast tissue, surrounding joints, on surface of heart, behind eyes

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46
Q

what is the structure of reticular CT?

A

net-like fiber network/framework

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47
Q

what is the function of reticular loose CT?

A

form structural support for complex structures

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48
Q

what fiber types are found in reticular loose CT?

A

only reticular

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49
Q

what cell types are found in reticular loose CT?

A

fibroblasts, WBC, mast cells, and macrophages

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50
Q

where is reticular loose CT found?

A

spleen, liver, lymph nodes, blood vessels, bone marrow

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51
Q

what is the structure of dense CT?

A

highly fibrous, little vascularity, very dense

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52
Q

what is the function of dense CT?

A

to reinforce and bind body structures

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53
Q

what are the three types of dense CT?

A

regular, irregular, and elastic

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54
Q

what is the structure of regular dense CT?

A

minimally vascular, fibers lie in direction of force

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55
Q

what is the function of regular dense CT?

A

improves tensile strength

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56
Q

what fiber types are found in regular dense CT and how are they arranged?

A

tightly bound collagen fibers with few elastic fibers

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57
Q

what is the major cell type found in regular dense CT?

A

fibroblasts

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58
Q

where is regular dense CT found in the body?

A

facia, tendons, and ligaments

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59
Q

what surrounds soft tissue organs?

A

irregular dense CT

60
Q

what is the function of irregular dense CT?

A

allows for withstanding force from multiple directions

61
Q

what are the fiber types found in irregular dense CT and how are they arranged?

A

dense collagen fibers arranged in a sheet of

62
Q

where is irregular dense CT found in the body?

A

dermis of skin; forms joint capsule; cover kidneys, testes, liver, and spleen

63
Q

what is the function of elastic dense CT?

A

allows for recoil of tissue

64
Q

what fiber types are found in elastic dense CT and how are they arranged?

A

elastic fibers arranged in a parallel or interwoven pattern with few collagen fibers

65
Q

where is elastic dense CT found in the body?

A

space between vertebrae, artery walls, stomach, heart, and bladder

66
Q

what is the function of tendons?

A

connects muscle to bone and enhances movement; assists muscle groups in locomotion

67
Q

what are the properties of tendons?

A

type 1 collagen (85%), elastin (small amount), proteoglycans, aggrecan, glycoaminoglycans, inorganic molecules (Cu, Ca, Mg), and tenocytes (aka fibrocytes)

68
Q

what is the function of ligaments?

A

connects bone to bone, stabilizes/limits movement, force resistance, “shrink-wrap” around movable joints (connects bones together without letting them go willy-nilly)

69
Q

what are the properties of ligaments?

A
  • similar to tendons
  • parallel collagen fibrils
  • fibroccytes - ECM components
70
Q

what is the function of cartilage?

A

protection

71
Q

what are the three subclasses of cartilage?

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

72
Q

what fiber types are found in hyaline cartilage and how are they arranged?

A

closely packed collagen fibers

73
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

helps ease movements; takes grinding force off bones; gives bones some lubrication and cushion

74
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

articular( making physical contact); at the end of long bones; found where two bones meet to prevent grinding

75
Q

what fiber types are found in elastic cartilage?

A

elastic and collagen fibers

76
Q

what is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

maintains shape while allowing for flexibility

77
Q

where is elastic cartilage found?

A

epiglottis and ears

78
Q

what fiber types are found in fibrocartilage and how are they arranged?

A

thick bundles of collagen fibers

79
Q

what is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

cushion for joints, takes compression; helps with longevity of breeding stock

80
Q

where is fibrocartilage found?

A

knee, pelvis and between vertebrae

81
Q

what are the two sub classes of bone/ osseus tissue?

A

compact and spongy

82
Q

what are the properties of bone/osseus tissue?

A

combination of collagen fibers (allow for a little bit of flexibility) and calcium salts; very vascular

83
Q

what are the functions of bone/osseus tissue?

A

structure and protection

84
Q

what is the most atypical CT?

A

blood

85
Q

why is blood listed as a CT?

A
  • derived from mezenchymal stem cells
  • has blood cells
  • surrounded by a fluid matrix (plasma)
  • vascular
  • connects, protects, and supports the body
86
Q

What is a tissue membrane?

A

Thin protective layers that line the body cavity, separate organs, and cover surfaces; collaboration of ET and CT

87
Q

what is the lumen?

A

the interior cavity of na organ or vessel

88
Q

what are the four types of tissue membranes?

A

mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial

89
Q

what is the function of a mucous tissue membrane?

A

line organs with a connection to the outside environment

90
Q

what is the function of a serous tissue membrane?

A

line closed body cavities

91
Q

what is the function of a cutaneous tissue membrane?

A

protects an organ perpetually exposed to the outside environment

92
Q

what is the function of a synovial tissue membrane?

A

protects joints; produces synovial fluid

93
Q

what are goblet cells made of?

A

water, electrolytes, mucin

94
Q

what are goblet cells typically associated with?

A

tissue membranes

95
Q

what is the function of goblet cells?

A

decreases friction

96
Q

is nervous tissue vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

97
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

98
Q

what are some characteristics of keratinized epithelia?

A
  • highly regenerative
  • waterproof
  • help animal regulate temp and retain moisture
99
Q

where is keratinized epithelia located?

A

skin, hair, horns, hooves

100
Q

what is the process of keratinization?

A

as cells move from basal to apical layers, cells let go of cytoplasm and bring in granules of keratin which then dry out and flake off

101
Q

what are the two major ways we classify glands?

A

endocrine and exocrine

102
Q

what are some characteristics of endocrine glands?

A

ductless, produces hormones, released directly into extracellular space

103
Q

what are some examples of endocrine glands?

A

pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal, ovary, testes

104
Q

what are the eight necessary life functions?

A
  1. maintaining balance
  2. movement
  3. responsiveness
  4. digestion
  5. metabolism
  6. excretion
  7. reproduction
  8. growth
105
Q

what necessary life function is first to go when resources are limited?

A

reproduction

106
Q

what are the five survival needs?

A
  • nutrients
  • oxygen
    -water
  • normal body temperature
  • atmospheric pressure
107
Q

what are examples of positive feedback loops?

A

giving birth, healing and hemorrhage

108
Q

what is the process of healing a hemorrhage?

A
  1. break or tear occurs in blood vessel
  2. platelets adhere to site and release chemicals
  3. released chemicals attract more platelets
  4. platelet plug forms
109
Q

what is the purpose of a positive feedback loop?

A

to intensify the response

110
Q

what is the purpose of a negative feedback loop?

A

stimulus that makes something counteract

111
Q

what is an example of a negative feedback loop?

A

blood glucose

112
Q

what is the process of maintaining blood glucose levels?

A
  1. stimulus: rising blood glucose level
  2. high blood glucose level is detected by insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas
  3. pancreas secretes insulin causing liver cells to take up glucose and store it as glycogen
  4. as body cells take up blood glucose, glucose levels in the blood decline, and insulin release stops
  5. return to homeostatic blood glucose level
113
Q

what are the four types of simple epithelial tissue?

A

simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and pseudostratified columnar

114
Q

what are the functions of epithelia?

A
  • protects, covers, and lines organs
  • filters
  • absorbs nutrients
  • sensory input
  • secretions/excretions
115
Q

what are the specialized features of epithelial tissue

A
  • Cellularity—form sheets
    • Unique contact points- junctional complexes
    • Polarity- gives the cell direction
    • Supported by connective tissue
    • Innervated, yet avascular
    • Capacity to regenerate
116
Q

what is the structure of simple epithelial tissue?

A

single cell layer, very thin

117
Q

what is the structure of stratified epithelial tissue?

A

multiple cell layers; regenerates from bottom and push apically

118
Q

what is the function of glandular epithelial?

A

secretion/export of a particular product

119
Q

what is the structure of glandular epithelia?

A

water-based; protein, lipid, or steroid rich substance

120
Q

what is the function of simple squamous epithelia?

A

part of the organ

121
Q

where is simple squamous epithelium located?

A

lungs and kidneys

122
Q

what is the function of simple cuboidal?

A

absorption and secretion

123
Q

where is simple cuboidal found?

A

tubular structures

124
Q

what are the functions of simple columnar?

A
  • absorption of nutrients in digestive system
  • secretion
125
Q

where is simple columnar found?

A

digestive tract

126
Q

what is the structure of pseudostratified columnar?

A

all cells touch the basal membrane, but the nucleus is found at different levels giving the appearance of being stratified; usually ciliated

127
Q

what is the function of pseudostratified columnar?

A

secrete mucus and ciliation sweeps things through tubular structures

128
Q

where is pseudostratified columnar found?

A

respiratory tract and male reproductive tract

129
Q

what type of epithelia is often associated with goblet cells?

A

pseudostratified columnar

130
Q

what is the structure of stratified squamous?

A
  • thick membrane of multiple cell layers
  • basal layers are cuboidal or columnar and are metabolically active
  • new cells are pushed to the surface by nutrient sources supplied by underlying tissue
  • young cells are pushed towards the surface and cytoplasm is squeezed out, flattening the cell
131
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous?

A

increased protection against mechanical damage and chemical stress

132
Q

where is non-keratinized stratified squamous found?

A

mouth, esophagus, vagina, rectum

133
Q

what is the structure of stratified cuboidal?

A
  • occurs (generally) as two cell layers
  • cuboidal cells
134
Q

what is the function of stratified cuboidal?

A
  • protects cell layers
  • some absorption and secretion
135
Q

where is stratified cuboidal found?

A
  • excretory ducts
  • sweat glands
  • mammary glands
  • tubular structures
136
Q

what is the structure of stratified columnar?

A
  • multiple cell layers
  • columnar cells
137
Q

what is the function of stratified columnar?

A
  • protection
  • some absorption and secretion
138
Q

where is stratified columnar found?

A
  • select parts of respiratory, reproductive, and digestive systems
  • some excretory ducts
139
Q

what is the most rare epithelial tissue?

A

stratified columnar

140
Q

what is the structure of transitional epithelium?

A
  • multiple cell layers
  • cells dont fall into shape categories
141
Q

what is the function of transitional epithelium?

A
  • stretches/allows organ stretch
  • protection
142
Q

where is transitional epithelium found?

A

lines uterus, bladder, and part of the urethra

143
Q

what do surface cells look like in transitional epithelium?

A

dome shaped

144
Q

what shape are the basal cells of transitional epithelium?

A

cuboidal or columnar

145
Q

what is the structure of fibers in ligaments and what does this provide?

A

collagen fibers lie in the direction of force giving great unidirectional strength

A & P of domesticated animals (4 decks)

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