exam 1 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
What is the purpose of connective tissue?
A
forms metabolic and structural connections
2
Q
what are the four major classes of CT?
A
- CT proper
- cartilage
- osseus (bone)
- blood
3
Q
what makes connective tissue?
A
- ECM
- vascularity
- make structural elements (ground substance, extracellular fibers, cells)
4
Q
what is the ECM?
A
the substance found between cells that provides support and nourishment
5
Q
the extracellular matrix is the mixture of _____ and _____.
A
extracellular fibers; ground substance
6
Q
what are the three types of extracellular fibers?
A
collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
7
Q
what is the function of extracellular fibers?
A
provides support and structure to the connective tissue
8
Q
extracellular fibers are the ______ component of ECM.
A
fibrous
9
Q
ground substance is the ______ component of ECM.
A
jelly-like or liquid
10
Q
what are the three types of extracellular fibers?
A
collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
11
Q
collagen fibers - structure
A
strong, thick strands composed of collagen organized in long parallel fibers
12
Q
collagen fibers - function
A
provide tensile strength for resistance against pulling forces
13
Q
where are collagen fibers found?
A
tendons and ligaments
14
Q
what is the structure of elastic fibers?
A
branched, complex fibers of elastin in coiled bundles
15
Q
what is the function of elastic fibers?
A
they can stretch and contract without losing integrity
16
Q
where are elastic fibers found?
A
vocal cords, lungs, skin, and blood vessels
17
Q
what is the structure of reticular fibers? what is it composed of?
A
net-like; thin, delicate branched fibers composed of collagen and coated in glycoprotein
18
Q
what is the function of reticular fibers?
A
they provide support around complex organs
19
Q
where are reticular fibers found?
A
endocrine glands, liver, nerves, muscle fibers, capillaries
20
Q
what are the three structural elements of connective tissue?
A
ground substance, extracellular fibers, and different types of cells
21
Q
what are connective tissue cells?
A
fundamental cell types at various stages of growth
22
Q
what is a fibroblast?
A
a non-specified, general type of cell that builds connective tissue
23
Q
what is a chondrablast?
A
the cell responsible for building cartilage
24
Q
what is an osteoblast?
A
the cell type responsible for building bone
25
what are mezenchymal stem cells?
non-specified stem cells that can become any other cell type
26
what is a hematopoietic stem cell?
immature cell type
27
what are adipocytes?
fat cells
28
what response are mast cells responsible for?
inflammatory
29
what are the properties of CT?
- cell “poor”
- ECM “rich”
- vascular
- most are dense/rigid in structure (some are fluid and flexible though)
- all derived from mezenchymal stem cells
30
what is the overall function of CT?
to connect, protect, and support
31
what are the four major classes of CT?
1. CT proper
2. cartilage
3. bone
4. blood
32
what are the two types of CT proper?
1. loose
2. dense
33
what is the function of loose CT proper?
to support the structure it surrounds; joins together the cells of the other main tissue types and joins tissues into organs
34
what is the most widely distributed CT type?
loose CT proper
35
what are the three subclasses of loose CT?
areolar, adipose, and reticular
36
what is the structure of areolar CT?
most plentiful, loosely organized, liquid, and very dense
37
what is the function of areolar CT?
wraps and cushions organs
38
what fiber types are found in areolar CT?
elastic, collagen, and reticular
39
what cell types are found in areolar CT?
fibroblasts, WBC, mast cells, and macrophages
40
where is areolar CT found?
across the body
41
what is the structure of adipose CT?
fat tissue; large, bubble-like, small amount of matrix
42
what is the function of adipose tissue?
contains reserve food stores, insulates, supports, protects, and stores energy
43
what fiber types are found in adipose CT?
elastic, collagen, reticular
44
what cell types are found in adipose CT?
adipocytes
45
where is adipose CT found in the body?
under skin, around kidneys, within abdomen, in breast tissue, surrounding joints, on surface of heart, behind eyes
46
what is the structure of reticular CT?
net-like fiber network/framework
47
what is the function of reticular loose CT?
form structural support for complex structures
48
what fiber types are found in reticular loose CT?
only reticular
49
what cell types are found in reticular loose CT?
fibroblasts, WBC, mast cells, and macrophages
50
where is reticular loose CT found?
spleen, liver, lymph nodes, blood vessels, bone marrow
51
what is the structure of dense CT?
highly fibrous, little vascularity, very dense
52
what is the function of dense CT?
to reinforce and bind body structures
53
what are the three types of dense CT?
regular, irregular, and elastic
54
what is the structure of regular dense CT?
minimally vascular, fibers lie in direction of force
55
what is the function of regular dense CT?
improves tensile strength
56
what fiber types are found in regular dense CT and how are they arranged?
tightly bound collagen fibers with few elastic fibers
57
what is the major cell type found in regular dense CT?
fibroblasts
58
where is regular dense CT found in the body?
facia, tendons, and ligaments
59
what surrounds soft tissue organs?
irregular dense CT
60
what is the function of irregular dense CT?
allows for withstanding force from multiple directions
61
what are the fiber types found in irregular dense CT and how are they arranged?
dense collagen fibers arranged in a sheet of
62
where is irregular dense CT found in the body?
dermis of skin; forms joint capsule; cover kidneys, testes, liver, and spleen
63
what is the function of elastic dense CT?
allows for recoil of tissue
64
what fiber types are found in elastic dense CT and how are they arranged?
elastic fibers arranged in a parallel or interwoven pattern with few collagen fibers
65
where is elastic dense CT found in the body?
space between vertebrae, artery walls, stomach, heart, and bladder
66
what is the function of tendons?
connects muscle to bone and enhances movement; assists muscle groups in locomotion
67
what are the properties of tendons?
type 1 collagen (85%), elastin (small amount), proteoglycans, aggrecan, glycoaminoglycans, inorganic molecules (Cu, Ca, Mg), and tenocytes (aka fibrocytes)
68
what is the function of ligaments?
connects bone to bone, stabilizes/limits movement, force resistance, “shrink-wrap” around movable joints (connects bones together without letting them go willy-nilly)
69
what are the properties of ligaments?
- similar to tendons
- parallel collagen fibrils
- fibroccytes - ECM components
70
what is the function of cartilage?
protection
71
what are the three subclasses of cartilage?
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
72
what fiber types are found in hyaline cartilage and how are they arranged?
closely packed collagen fibers
73
what is the function of hyaline cartilage?
helps ease movements; takes grinding force off bones; gives bones some lubrication and cushion
74
where is hyaline cartilage found?
articular( making physical contact); at the end of long bones; found where two bones meet to prevent grinding
75
what fiber types are found in elastic cartilage?
elastic and collagen fibers
76
what is the function of elastic cartilage?
maintains shape while allowing for flexibility
77
where is elastic cartilage found?
epiglottis and ears
78
what fiber types are found in fibrocartilage and how are they arranged?
thick bundles of collagen fibers
79
what is the function of fibrocartilage?
cushion for joints, takes compression; helps with longevity of breeding stock
80
where is fibrocartilage found?
knee, pelvis and between vertebrae
81
what are the two sub classes of bone/ osseus tissue?
compact and spongy
82
what are the properties of bone/osseus tissue?
combination of collagen fibers (allow for a little bit of flexibility) and calcium salts; very vascular
83
what are the functions of bone/osseus tissue?
structure and protection
84
what is the most atypical CT?
blood
85
why is blood listed as a CT?
- derived from mezenchymal stem cells
- has blood cells
- surrounded by a fluid matrix (plasma)
- vascular
- connects, protects, and supports the body
86
What is a tissue membrane?
Thin protective layers that line the body cavity, separate organs, and cover surfaces; collaboration of ET and CT
87
what is the lumen?
the interior cavity of na organ or vessel
88
what are the four types of tissue membranes?
mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial
89
what is the function of a mucous tissue membrane?
line organs with a connection to the outside environment
90
what is the function of a serous tissue membrane?
line closed body cavities
91
what is the function of a cutaneous tissue membrane?
protects an organ perpetually exposed to the outside environment
92
what is the function of a synovial tissue membrane?
protects joints; produces synovial fluid
93
what are goblet cells made of?
water, electrolytes, mucin
94
what are goblet cells typically associated with?
tissue membranes
95
what is the function of goblet cells?
decreases friction
96
is nervous tissue vascular or avascular?
avascular
97
what are the three types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
98
what are some characteristics of keratinized epithelia?
- highly regenerative
- waterproof
- help animal regulate temp and retain moisture
99
where is keratinized epithelia located?
skin, hair, horns, hooves
100
what is the process of keratinization?
as cells move from basal to apical layers, cells let go of cytoplasm and bring in granules of keratin which then dry out and flake off
101
what are the two major ways we classify glands?
endocrine and exocrine
102
what are some characteristics of endocrine glands?
ductless, produces hormones, released directly into extracellular space
103
what are some examples of endocrine glands?
pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal, ovary, testes
104
what are the eight necessary life functions?
1. maintaining balance
2. movement
3. responsiveness
4. digestion
5. metabolism
6. excretion
7. reproduction
8. growth
105
what necessary life function is first to go when resources are limited?
reproduction
106
what are the five survival needs?
- nutrients
- oxygen
-water
- normal body temperature
- atmospheric pressure
107
what are examples of positive feedback loops?
giving birth, healing and hemorrhage
108
what is the process of healing a hemorrhage?
1. break or tear occurs in blood vessel
2. platelets adhere to site and release chemicals
3. released chemicals attract more platelets
4. platelet plug forms
109
what is the purpose of a positive feedback loop?
to intensify the response
110
what is the purpose of a negative feedback loop?
stimulus that makes something counteract
111
what is an example of a negative feedback loop?
blood glucose
112
what is the process of maintaining blood glucose levels?
1. stimulus: rising blood glucose level
2. high blood glucose level is detected by insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas
3. pancreas secretes insulin causing liver cells to take up glucose and store it as glycogen
4. as body cells take up blood glucose, glucose levels in the blood decline, and insulin release stops
5. return to homeostatic blood glucose level
113
what are the four types of simple epithelial tissue?
simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and pseudostratified columnar
114
what are the functions of epithelia?
- protects, covers, and lines organs
- filters
- absorbs nutrients
- sensory input
- secretions/excretions
115
what are the specialized features of epithelial tissue
- Cellularity—form sheets
• Unique contact points- junctional complexes
• Polarity- gives the cell direction
• Supported by connective tissue
• Innervated, yet avascular
• Capacity to regenerate
116
what is the structure of simple epithelial tissue?
single cell layer, very thin
117
what is the structure of stratified epithelial tissue?
multiple cell layers; regenerates from bottom and push apically
118
what is the function of glandular epithelial?
secretion/export of a particular product
119
what is the structure of glandular epithelia?
water-based; protein, lipid, or steroid rich substance
120
what is the function of simple squamous epithelia?
part of the organ
121
where is simple squamous epithelium located?
lungs and kidneys
122
what is the function of simple cuboidal?
absorption and secretion
123
where is simple cuboidal found?
tubular structures
124
what are the functions of simple columnar?
- absorption of nutrients in digestive system
- secretion
125
where is simple columnar found?
digestive tract
126
what is the structure of pseudostratified columnar?
all cells touch the basal membrane, but the nucleus is found at different levels giving the appearance of being stratified; usually ciliated
127
what is the function of pseudostratified columnar?
secrete mucus and ciliation sweeps things through tubular structures
128
where is pseudostratified columnar found?
respiratory tract and male reproductive tract
129
what type of epithelia is often associated with goblet cells?
pseudostratified columnar
130
what is the structure of stratified squamous?
- thick membrane of multiple cell layers
- basal layers are cuboidal or columnar and are metabolically active
- new cells are pushed to the surface by nutrient sources supplied by underlying tissue
- young cells are pushed towards the surface and cytoplasm is squeezed out, flattening the cell
131
what is the function of stratified squamous?
increased protection against mechanical damage and chemical stress
132
where is non-keratinized stratified squamous found?
mouth, esophagus, vagina, rectum
133
what is the structure of stratified cuboidal?
- occurs (generally) as two cell layers
- cuboidal cells
134
what is the function of stratified cuboidal?
- protects cell layers
- some absorption and secretion
135
where is stratified cuboidal found?
- excretory ducts
- sweat glands
- mammary glands
- tubular structures
136
what is the structure of stratified columnar?
- multiple cell layers
- columnar cells
137
what is the function of stratified columnar?
- protection
- some absorption and secretion
138
where is stratified columnar found?
- select parts of respiratory, reproductive, and digestive systems
- some excretory ducts
139
what is the most rare epithelial tissue?
stratified columnar
140
what is the structure of transitional epithelium?
- multiple cell layers
- cells dont fall into shape categories
141
what is the function of transitional epithelium?
- stretches/allows organ stretch
- protection
142
where is transitional epithelium found?
lines uterus, bladder, and part of the urethra
143
what do surface cells look like in transitional epithelium?
dome shaped
144
what shape are the basal cells of transitional epithelium?
cuboidal or columnar
145
what is the structure of fibers in ligaments and what does this provide?
collagen fibers lie in the direction of force giving great unidirectional strength
