Exam 1

Question 1

define anatomy

Answer 1

the knowledge gained from the history of cutting & observing the human body

Question 2

define physiology

Answer 2

the study of the chemistry, biochemistry & physics of the bodily functions

Question 3

define negative feedback

Answer 3

“keeps things in check”; hormone A stimulates the production of hormone B, hormone B inhibits hormone A production

Question 4

define positive feedback

Answer 4

“building to a climax”; hormone leads to more release of the same hormone; ends very suddenly with a major event

Question 5

define homeostasis

Answer 5

the process of maintaining a constant physiological state; sensors (sensory receptors) change in response to stimuli send a signal to the control center which sends signal to effector organs

Question 6

describe coronal anatomical plane

Answer 6

divides body into anterior and posterior

Question 7

describe sagittal anatomical plane

Answer 7

divides body into left and right halves

Question 8

describe midsagittal anatomical plane

Answer 8

when the sagittal plane runs directly down the midline of the body, dividing body into equal left and right halves

Question 9

describe transverse/horizontal anatomical plane

Answer 9

horizontal plane that divides body into superior and inferior sections

Question 10

medical name for eye

Answer 10

ocular/optic/orbital

Question 11

medical name for ear

Answer 11

otic/auricular

Question 12

medical name for cheek

Answer 12

buccal

Question 13

medical name for head

Answer 13

cranium

Question 14

medical name for chin

Answer 14

mental

Question 15

medical name for shoulder

Answer 15

acromial, glenoid, deltoid

Question 16

medical name for armpit

Answer 16

axillary

Question 17

medical name for arm

Answer 17

brachial (upper arm)

Question 18

medical name for forearm

Answer 18

antebrachial

Question 19

medical name for hand

Answer 19

manus, dorsum (back of hand), palmar (palm, front of hand)

Question 20

medical name for front/crook of elbow

Answer 20

antecubital

Question 21

medical name for back/point of elbow

Answer 21

olecranal

Question 22

medical name for wrist

Answer 22

carpal

Question 23

medical name for thumb

Answer 23

pollex, digitus primus manus

Question 24

medical name for fingers

Answer 24

digital

Question 25

medical name for chest

Answer 25

pectoral

Question 26

medical name for navel/bellybutton

Answer 26

umbilicus

Question 27

medical name for back

Answer 27

dorsal

Question 28

medical name for loins/lower back

Answer 28

lumbar

Question 29

medical name for groin

Answer 29

inguinal

Question 30

medical name for buttocks

Answer 30

gluteal

Question 31

medical name for kneecap

Answer 31

patellar

Question 32

medical name for back of knee

Answer 32

popliteal

Question 33

medical name for thigh

Answer 33

femur

Question 34

medical name for calf

Answer 34

gastrocnemeus

Question 35

medical name for ankle

Answer 35

tarsal

Question 36

medical name for heel

Answer 36

calcaneal

Question 37

medical name for foot

Answer 37

pes

Question 38

medical name for sole

Answer 38

plantar surface

Question 39

medical name for big toe

Answer 39

hallux

Question 40

medical name for toes

Answer 40

digital

Question 41

medical term for up/down

Answer 41

superior/inferior

Question 42

medical term for towards the head/tail

Answer 42

cranial/caudal

Question 43

medical term for front/back

Answer 43

anterior/posterior

Question 44

medical term for middle/to the side

Answer 44

medial/lateral

Question 45

medical term for towards/away from the trunk

Answer 45

proximal/distal

Question 46

medical term for left/right

Answer 46

sinister, dexter

Question 47

medical term for outer, inner

Answer 47

superficial, deep

Question 48

where is the dorsal cavity located

Answer 48

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord

Question 49

where is the ventral cavity located

Answer 49

anterior to the dorsal body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lines pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart & peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs

Question 50

where is the pleural cavity located

Answer 50

a fluid filled space that surrounds the lungs

Question 51

where is the pericardial cavity located

Answer 51

cavity encasing the heart

Question 52

where is the thoracic cavity located

Answer 52

division of the ventral cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus & trachea

Question 53

where is the peritoneal cavity located

Answer 53

the space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, the stomach, and the liver

Question 54

where is the abdominopelvic cavity located

Answer 54

division of the ventral cavity that houses the abdominal & pelvic viscera

Question 55

where is the abdominal cavity located

Answer 55

the space bounded by the abdominal walls, diaphragm & pelvis

Question 56

where is the pelvic cavity located

Answer 56

the space bounded by the bones of the pelvis & pelvic girdle

Question 57

define neurotransmitter

Answer 57

chemical messengers that

Question 58

describe the relationship between hormones, target cells/organs, and receptors

Answer 58

hormones bind to receptors on glands which secrete more hormones to bind to receptors on target cells/organs

Question 59

describe synaptic communication

Answer 59

neurons sending messages across synapses

Question 60

define primary endocrine organ

Answer 60

main function is to make a hormone

Question 61

define secondary endocrine organ

Answer 61

organs & tissues that can make hormones but that isnt their main function

Question 62

define endocrine secretion

Answer 62

secretion into the bloodstream

Question 63

define exocrine secretion

Answer 63

secretion onto epithelium (or into ducts)

Question 64

list secondary endocrine organs

Answer 64

heart, thymus, stomach & intestines, kidneys, testes, ovaries, adipose & integument

Question 65

what are the 2 main regulatory systems

Answer 65

nervous & endocrine

Question 66

"fight or flight"

Answer 66

sympathetic nervous system

Question 67

"rest and digest"

Answer 67

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 68

define plexus

Answer 68

some sort of network

Question 69

define ganglia

Answer 69

collection of cell bodies

Question 70

functions of the endocrine system

Answer 70

produce hormones, control hormone production (when/how to make it, how much to adjust levels), use hormones to regulate the body

Question 71

what is the difference between the nervous & endocrine system

Answer 71

endocrine system does not need nerves to connect unlike the nervous system

Question 72

list primary endocrine organs

Answer 72

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas

Question 73

what is the primary carrier of hormones

Answer 73

blood

Question 74

direct communication

Answer 74

through gap junctions

Question 75

paracrine communication

Answer 75

through extracellular fluid

Question 76

describe paracrine factor

Answer 76

chemical signal that elicits a response in neighboring cells

Question 77

autocrine communication

Answer 77

through extracellular fluid

Question 78

endocrine communication

Answer 78

through the bloodstream

Question 79

3 major classes of hormones

Answer 79

monoamines, peptide hormones, steroid & lipid derivatives

Question 80

types of monoamines

Answer 80

catecholamines, tryptamines

Question 81

describe monoamines

Answer 81

derived from a single amino acid that are chemically changed by enzymes in the body

Question 82

what do catecholamines come from

Answer 82

tyrosine

Question 83

what do tryptamines come from

Answer 83

tryptophan

Question 84

what do thyroid hormones come from

Answer 84

2 tyrosine amino acids

Question 85

types of catecholamines

Answer 85

dopamin, norepinephrine, epinephrine