Exam 1 Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
The ______ is the outer layer of the cerebrum.
A
cortex
2
Q
The primary motor cortex is important for initiating ______.
A
motor movements
3
Q
The primary motor cortex contains what kind of motor neurons?
A
Upper motor neurons
4
Q
Both the ______ area and the ______ area are important for planning, initiating, and selecting the correct movement.
A
premotor; supplementary
5
Q
What cortical area receives sensory information from the body?
A
Primary somatosensory area or primary sensory cortex
6
Q
The basal ganglia is in what part of the brain?
A
Subcortex
7
Q
The basal ganglia regulates aspects of motor control via the mechanism of ______.
A
inhibition
8
Q
The ______ can be described as a relay station.
A
thalamus
9
Q
The ______ is the site of many reflexes involved in respiration, body temperature, swallowing, and digestion.
A
brainstem
10
Q
What specialized nerves come from the brainstem?
A
Cranial nerves
11
Q
The cortex exerts ______ control of movement, while the cerebellum exerts ______ control of movement.
A
contralateral; ipsilateral
12
Q
The ______ guides voluntary movements.
A
somatic nervous system
13
Q
The ______ regulates involuntary movements.
A
autonomic nervous system
14
Q
What nerves in the PNS allow you to feel pain and other sensations?
A
Afferent (input)
15
Q
What nerves in the PNS connect the CNS to muscles to trigger movement?
A
Efferent (output)
16
Q
What nerves in the PNS control involuntary function?
A
Autonomic
17
Q
Upper motor neurons originate from the ______.
A
motor cortex
18
Q
Upper motor neurons ______ voluntary movement.
A
initiate
19
Q
Lower motor neurons originate from the ______ or ______.
A
brainstem; spinal cord
20
Q
Lower motor neurons ______ voluntary movement.
A
execute
21
Q
Cranial nerves control what parts of the body?
A
The head and neck
22
Q
The Trigeminal nerve (CN V) provides sensory information from the ______ and motor impulses to the muscles of ______.
A
face; chewing
23
Q
The Facial nerve (CN VII) provides ______ information from the front of the tongue and motor impulses to the muscles of the ______.
A
taste; face
24
Q
The Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provides ______ information from the back of the tongue, as well as other sensory information from the ______, ______, and ______.
A
taste; posterior tongue; tonsils; pharynx
25
The Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) sends motor impulses to the muscles involved in ______.
swallowing
26
The three branches of the Vagus nerve (CN X) are the ______, ______, and ______.
pharyngeal; superior laryngeal; recurrent laryngeal
27
The ______ branch of the Vagus provides sensory information from the ______ and motor impulses to the ______ and ______.
pharyngeal; pharynx; soft palate; pharynx
28
The ______ branch of the Vagus has two branches: ______ and ______.
superior laryngeal; intrinsic; extrinsic
29
The intrinsic branch provides sensory information from the ______.
larynx
30
The extrinsic branch controls the ______ muscle and the ______ pharyngeal constrictor.
cricothyroid; inferior
31
The ______ side of the recurrent laryngeal branch is longer/travels further.
left
32
The recurrent laryngeal branch provides motor control to all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the ______.
cricothyroid muscles
33
The recurrent laryngeal branch provides sensory information from ______ the vocal folds.
below
34
The ______ nerve provides motor control to all the muscles of the tongue.
hypoglossal
35
How does an infant show readiness for starting transitional feeding?
a. Maintains upright posture for short period of time
b. Is around 6 months of age
c. Can use an open cup
d. Tongue protrusion reflex is gone
a. Maintains upright posture for short period of time
b. Is around 6 months of age
d. Tongue protrusion reflex is gone
36
Before the pharyngeal swallow is triggered in infants, liquid is collected at:
a. Faucial arches
b. Pyriform sinuses
c. Valleculae
d. Lateral sulcus
a. Faucial arches
c. Valleculae
37
Which are accurate anatomical differences between infants and adults?
a. Larynx is higher in the neck
b. Tongue is smaller
c. Hard palate is more curved
d. Fat pads narrow oral cavity laterally
e. Soft palate touches epiglottis
a. Larynx is higher in the neck
d. Fat pads narrow oral cavity laterally
e. Soft palate touches epiglottis
38
Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle ABDUCTS the vocal folds?
a. Interarytenoids
b. Cricothyroid
c. Lateral cricoarytenoid
d. Posterior cricoarytenoid
d. Posterior cricoarytenoid
39
What branch of the Vagus nerve sends motor impulses to the muscle from the previous question (posterior cricoarytenoid)?
a. Recurrent laryngeal branch
b. SLN- extrinsic
c. SLN- intrinsic
d. Pharyngeal
a. Recurrent laryngeal branch
40
The recurrent laryngeal nerve controls all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT:
a. Interarytenoid
b. Cricothyroid
c. Thyromuscularis
d. Lateral cricothyroid
b. Cricothyroid
41
What branch of the Vagus controls the cricothyroid muscle?
a. Pharyngeal
b. RLN
c. SLN- extrinsic
d. SLN- intrinsic
c. SLN- extrinsic
42
What does contraction of the cricothyroid do to the vocal folds?
a. Lengthens
b. Lowers pitch
c. Shortens
d. Elevates pitch
a. Lengthens
d. Elevates pitch
43
What branch of the Vagus nerve is responsible for sensations within the larynx at/above the vocal folds?
a. RLN
b. SLN- intrinsic
c. SLN- extrinsic
d. Pharyngeal
b. SLN- intrinsic
44
Which cranial nerve is responsible for motor impulses for sucking and maintaining a labial seal?
a. CN V (trigeminal)
b. CN VII (facial)
c. CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
d. CN XII (hypoglossal)
b. CN VII (facial)
45
Which cranial nerve triggers the pharyngeal swallow?
a. CN V (trigeminal)
b. CN VII (facial)
c. CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
d. CN XII (hypoglossal)
c. CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
46
Which cranial nerve controls muscles of mastication?
a. CN V (trigeminal)
b. CN VII (facial)
c. CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
d. CN XII (hypoglossal)
a. CN V (trigeminal)
47
Which cranial nerve controls lingual muscles in the oral prep and transport phases?
a. CN V (trigeminal)
b. CN VII (facial)
c. CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
d. CN XII (hypoglossal)
d. CN XII (hypoglossal)
48
What mechanism does the basal ganglia use to regulate motor control?
a. Planning
b. Initiation
c. Inhibition
d. Coordination
c. Inhibition
49
What kind of motor neurons are cranial nerves?
a. Upper motor neurons
b. Lower motor neurons
c. Both
b. Lower motor neurons
50
Cranial nerves originate from the:
a. Primary motor cortex
b. Supplementary motor cortex
c. Thalamus
d. Brainstem
d. Brainstem
51
What kind of bolus loss occurs at the lips?
a. Anterior loss
b. Lateral loss
c. Posterior loss
a. Anterior loss
52
In healthy, non-elderly adults, the pharyngeal swallow is triggered:
a. Any point between the alveolar ridge and the base of tongue
b. Any point between the lips and the alveolar ridge
c. Any point between the faucial arches and where the tongue base crosses the mandible
d. Any point between the faucial arches and the underside of the epiglottis
e. Any time it wants
c. Any point between the faucial arches and where the tongue base crosses the mandible
53
During the pharyngeal phase, why does the velum elevate and retract?
a. Prevent nasal regurgitation
b. Help generate downward pressure on the bolus
c. Allows you to breathe and swallow simultaneously
a. Prevent nasal regurgitation
b. Help generate downward pressure on the bolus
54
What is the purpose of the movement of the larynx and hyoid bone at the onset of the pharyngeal swallow?
a. Close the airway
b. Open the airway
c. Open/relax UES
a. Close the airway
c. Open/relax UES
55
How is the movement of the larynx and hyoid bone best described at the pharyngeal swallow onset?
They are elevated and move anteriorly
56
What does the tongue NOT do during the oral transport phase?
a. Form a central groove
b. Thrust forward
c. Maintains a seal against the hard palate
d. Maintains a seal against the upper molars
b. Thrust forward
57
What is the primary mechanism for increasing loudness?
a. Subglottal pressure
b. Myoelastic aerodynamic theory
c. Bernoulli effect
d. Hyperadduction
a. Subglottal pressure
58
The vocal ligament is comprised of:
a. Deep lamina propria
b. Intermediate lamina propria
c. Superior lamina propria
d. Basement membrane
a. Deep lamina propria
b. Intermediate lamina propria
59
What makes up the body of the vocal fold?
a. Deep lamina propria
b. Intermediate lamina propria
c. Superior lamina propria
d. Thyrovocalis
e. Thyromuscularis
d. Thyrovocalis
e. Thyromuscularis
60
Where is the greatest activity in voicing?
a. Cover
b. Body
c. Transition
a. Cover
61
With breathing for speech, what percentage of the cycle is inspiration?
a. 90%
b. 60%
c. 10%
c. 10%
62
Which portion of the TVF length are cartilaginous?
a. Anterior ⅓
b. Posterior ⅓
c. Posterior ⅔
d. Anterior ⅔
b. Posterior ⅓
63
What are the two primary muscles of inspiration?
a. External intercostals
b. Sternoclinomastoid
c. Diaphragm
d. Scalene
a. External intercostals
c. Diaphragm
64
Does a cranial nerve or a spinal never tell the diaphragm to contract?
a. Cranial nerve
b. Spinal nerve
b. Spinal nerve
65
Which nerve is responsible for the action from the previous question (telling the diaphragm to contract)?
a. Phrenic nerve
b. Sciatic nerve
c. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
d. Trigeminal nerve
a. Phrenic nerve
66
Adducts, shortens, and tenses the vocal folds (innervated by the RLN)
Thyrovocalis
67
Shortens and relaxes the vocal folds (innervated by the RLN)
Thyromuscularis
68
Abducts the vocal folds (innervated by the RLN)
Posterior cricoarytenoid
69
Adducts the vocal folds (innervated by the RLN)
Lateral cricoarytenoid and interarytenoids
70
Lengthens the vocal folds (innervated by the extrinsic branch of the SLN)
Cricothyroid
71
Sensory only branch of the Vagus nerve; mucous membranes of the larynx from the vocal folds to the base of the tongue
Intrinsic branch of SLN
72
Motor only branch of the Vagus nerve; controls the cricothyroid muscle (pitch) and inferior pharyngeal constrictor (swallowing)
Extrinsic branch of SLN
73
Sensory (mucous membranes below vocal folds, trachea, and upper esophagus) and motor (all intrinsic muscles of the larynx (the openers and closers), except cricothyroid) branch of the Vagus nerve
Recurrent laryngeal branch (RLN)
74
Sensory (mucous membranes of the pharynx) and motor (muscles of the pharynx, lifts soft palate) branch of the Vagus nerve
Pharyngeal branch
75
For the lungs to inflate, alveolar pressure must be ______ than atmospheric pressure.
less
76
For air to flow out of the lungs, alveolar pressure must be ______ than atmospheric pressure.
greater
77
What nerve are motor impulses sent through to the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
78
Oxygen travels from an area of ______ pressure to an area of ______ pressure.
high; low
79
When the diaphragm contracts, it moves ______.
down
80
When the diaphragm contracts, lung volume ______ and alveolar pressure ______.
increases; decreases
81
The two primary muscles of inspiration are the ______ and ______.
diaphragm; external intercostals
82
Contracting which two muscles makes expiration an active force rather than a passive force?
Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
83
Quiet breathing is ______ exhalation.
60%
84
Breathing for speech is ______ exhalation.
90%
