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Advanced Principles of Neural Science > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

what is dualism?

A

the mind and body are separate

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2
Q

what is monism?

A

everything consists of matter and energy and the mind is produced by the workings of the nervous system
–approach taken by behavioral neuroscientists

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3
Q

describe the turing test

A

a test for intelligence in a computer, requiring that a human being should be unable to distinguish the machine from another human being by using the replies to questions put to both.

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4
Q

who coined the term “consciousness”

A

Alan Turing

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5
Q

what did ancient Egyptian, indian, greek, and chinese cultures consider to be the sear of thought and emotions?

A

the heart

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6
Q

what are reflexes?

A

automatic and involuntary movements

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7
Q

who was Luigi Galvani?

A

studied how the nervous system sends messages to muscles

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8
Q

What did Johannes Müller do?

A

doctrine of specific nerve energies
–the brain is functionally divided

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9
Q

what did Pierre Flourens do?

A

experimented on the brain
–experimental ablation

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10
Q

what is epigenetics

A

environmental-dependent gene expression

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11
Q

what is functionalism?

A

a belief that characteristics of living organisms perform useful functions

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12
Q

what is it called when small percentage of mutations are beneficial to an organism

A

selective advantage

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13
Q

define evolution

A

a gradual change in the structure and physiology of a species as a result of natural selection

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14
Q

what is the name of the company responsible for regulating and approving animal research

A

IACUC

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15
Q

What are the three R’s of animal research?

A
  1. Replacement: use non-animal models whenever possible
  2. Reduction: use the smallest number of animals possible
  3. Refinement: minimize distress and improve welfare
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16
Q

define neuroethics

A

study of implications of, and develops best practices in, ethics for neuroscience research

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17
Q

what is the name of the company responsible for regulating and approving human research?

A

IRB

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18
Q

what is axoplasmic transport?

A

the system that propels messages inside length of axon

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19
Q

what chemical does mitochondria produce

A

adenosine triphosphate

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20
Q

what are the most important supporting cells

A

glial cells

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21
Q

what do astrocytes do

A

engulf and digest debris in process of phagocytosis

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22
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do

A

provide support to axons; produces myelin sheath
–node of ranvier

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23
Q

what do microglia do

A

act as phagocytes; and protect brain

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24
Q

where does MS attack?

A

myelin in CNS

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25
what is the blood brain barrier?
selectively permeable barrier that regulates composition of extracellular fluid
26
where is the blood brain barrier weak?
area postrema
27
describe simple diffusion
high to low concentrations
28
describe facilitated diffusion
carrier-mediated endocytosis, in which solute molecules bind to specific membrane protein carriers, also from high to low
29
how do you test for a leak in BBB?
Evans Blue
30
what are the 2 forces responsible for the membrane potential?
diffusion and electrostatic pressure
31
which 4 ions help create membrane potential?
organic ions, chloride, sodium, potassium
32
how does the sodium-potassium pump work?
3 Na out, 2 K in
33
what are the 6 phases of an action potential?
1. Na+ channels open, Na+ begins to enter cell 2. K+ channels open, K+ begins to leave cell 3. Na+ channels become refractory, no more Na+ enters cell 4. K+ continues to leave cell, causes membrane potential to return to resting level 5. K+ channels close, Na+ channels reset 6. Extra K+ outside diffuses away
34
what is neural integration?
rate of neuron firing controlled by excitatory and inhibitory input to its dendrites and soma
35
what are neuromodulators?
chemicals released by neurons that travel farther and dispersed more widely than neurotransmitters --most are peptides
36
_____ contain receptors for particular hormones
target cells
37
what is the tentorium?
tent-shaped duplicated fold of meningeal dura
38
anterior
toward the head
39
posterior
toward the tail
40
rostral
toward the front of the face
41
caudal
away from the front of the face
42
neuraxis
goes from bottom of spinal cord to front of forebrain
43
name and describe the 3 meninges
1. dura mater: tough mother; outer layer 2. arachnoid membrane: middle layer 3. pia mater: tender mother; around every surface
44
what is meningitis
inflammation or swelling of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord
45
what is encephalitis
inflammation of the brain itself
46
what are causes of encephalitis?
herpes simples virus: attacks frontal and temporal lobes acute anterior poliomyelitis: causes specific damage to motor neurons of brain and spinal cord rabies: damages CNS and peripheral organs HIV: causes damage to synapses and death of neurons
47
how much blood flow does the brain receive from the heart
20%
48
what are the principal structures on telencephalon?
cerebral cortex basal ganglia limbic system
49
what are the principle structures in diencephalon
thalamus hypothalamus
50
what are the principle structures in mesencephalon
tectum tegmentum
51
what are the principle structures in metencephalon
cerebellum pons
52
what is the principle structure in myelencephalon
medulla oblongata
53
limbic system
involved in learning, memory, and emotions
54
basal ganglia
control of mvmt
55
thalamus
projects info to specific regions of cerebral cortex and receives info from it
56
hypothalamus
controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system --produces and controls secretion of hormones --organizes behaviors related to survival of species
57
what are the principal structures in tectum
superior and inferior colliculi
58
What is the difference between somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system?
somatic receives sensory info from the sensory organs and controls the mvmt of skeletal muscles autonomic regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
59
what is psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior
60
what is the most common form of drug administration
oral
61
what is the most important factor in determining the rate of distribution
lipid solubility
62
out of everyone with end-stage renal disease, was percentage of them are on dialysis?
71%
63
how do we measure a drug's effectiveness?
dose-response curve
64
what is the therapeutic index?
dose that provides the desired effect in 50% of the individuals and the dose that produces toxic effect in 50% of individuals
65
What is the role of tolerance and sensitization when examining the effects of repeated administration?
Tolerance decreases in drug effectiveness sensitization increases in drug effectiveness
66
how do we adjust for nocebo and placebo effects?
double-blind experiment
67
CNS functions of glutamate
excitatory; interacts w other NT systems
68
CNS functions of GABA
inhibitory, interacts w other NT systems
69
CNS functions of ACh
learning, memory, REM sleep
70
PNS functions of ACh
regulates muscle contraction
71
CNS functions of dopamine
voluntary mvmt, attention, learning, reinforcement, planning, problem solving
72
CNS functions of NE/E
vigilance
73
CNS functions of serotonin
mood regulation, eating, sleep, dreaming, arousal, impulse control
74
CNS functions of histamine
wakefulness
75
CNS functions of opioids
reinforcement, pain, modulation
76
CNS functions of endocannabinoids
appetite regulation
77
PNS functions of endocannabinoids
immune response
78
PNS functions of opioids
pain modulation
79
PNS functions of histamine
immune response
80
PNS functions of serotonin
involved in the enteric nervous system (digestive tract)
81
PNS functions of NE/E
autonomic nervous system regulation
82
what is the inhibitory amino acid in the spinal cord and lower brain stem?
glycine
83
what are some characteristics of glutamate?
all sensory organs transmit info to the brain through axons that release glutamate --exception are neurons that detect painful stimuli
84
what is the glutamate precursor
glutamine
85
what is the glutamate enzyme
glutaminase
86
receptors of glutamate
NMDA, AMPA, kainate
87
what are some characteristics of GABA
seizures may be result of lacking or poorly functioning GABA-secreting neurons or receptors GABA-A receptors are ionotropic and control chloride channels
88
what is the GABA precursor
glutamic acid
89
what is the enzyme for GABA
glutamic acid decarboxylase
90
what are some characteristics of ACh?
functions in both CNS and PNS
91
what is the ACh precursor
choline + acetyl coA
92
what is the ACh enzyme?
ChAT
93
how is myasthenia gravis treated
AChE inhibitors
94
what are the monoamines
dopamine, NE, E, serotonin
95
what causes parkinson's disease
degeneration of dopaminergic neurons that connect the substantia nigra with the caudate nucleus
96
mesolimbic system
nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus reinforcement
97
mesocortical system
VTA to PFC formation of short-term memories, planning, strategy prep for problem solving
98
what is the dopamine precursor?
tyrosine
99
what deactivates catecholamones
MAO
100
How is NE released?
through axonal varicosities
101
where is serotonin found in the brain
raphe nuclei of midbrain, pons, and medulla released from varicosities
102
what are the best known peptides
endogenous opioids
103
what are enkephalins
natural ligands for receptors

Advanced Principles of Neural Science (1 decks)

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