exam 1

Question 1

protoplasm

Answer 1

organelles, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids within the cell - no cell wall

Question 2

primary cell wall

Answer 2

parallel cellulose microfibrils which cover plasma membrane, bound together by hemicellulose, walls are glued together by the middle lamella composed of pectin

Question 3

secondary cell wall

Answer 3

like seed coats, tracheids xylem cells, between primary and plasma membrane

Question 4

ribosomes

Answer 4

found in protein-rich seeds as well as plants with digestive enzymes

Question 5

central vacuole

Answer 5

tonoplast membrane - stores water and salts, able to digest old organelles and recycle nutrients

Question 6

mitochondria

Answer 6

cellular respiration

Question 7

plastids

Answer 7

young type - 5 types, chloroplasts, amyloplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts, etioplasts

Question 8

etioplast

Answer 8

occurs when tissues are grown without light - stage in the transformation of protoplastids to chloroplasts

Question 9

leucoplasts

Answer 9

colorless - occurs in plants without light or underground - roots and seeds - lead to amyloplasts

Question 10

amyloplasts

Answer 10

starch storage in nonphotosynthetic areas of plant

Question 11

chromoplasts

Answer 11

store bright lipid pigments

Question 12

dictyosomes

Answer 12

like the Golgi, but for plants

Question 13

microbodies

Answer 13

spherical bodies that produce or use hydrogen peroxide - peroxisomes detoxify biproducts
glyoxisomes convert stored fats into sugar

Question 14

plasmodesmata

Answer 14

a small stream of the ER and cytosol that passes through the plasma membrane of adjacent cells - occur in clusters called primary pit fields

Question 15

what are the basic cell types in plants

Answer 15

parenchyma, collenchyma, schlerenchyma

Question 16

parenchyma

Answer 16

thin primary cell walls, metabolically active, alive at functional maturity - make up phloem

Question 17

what are the 4 kinds of special parenchyma

Answer 17

glandular, phloem, chlorenchyma, transfer cells

Question 18

what are the benefits of parenchyma

Answer 18

inexpensive to build, most leaves are soft and made up entirely of parenchyma

Question 19

collenchyma

Answer 19

unevenly thickened primary cell walls, allows for plasticity, occurs beneath the epidermis and supporting vascular bundles

Question 20

what are the types of collenchyma

Answer 20

angular, annular, lamellar, lacunar

Question 21

schlerenchyma

Answer 21

thick secondary cell wall, elastic strength, supoort the plant, dead at functional maturity

Question 22

what are the two types of schlerenchyma

Answer 22

mechanical - long flexible fibers - brittle sclereids
conductive

Question 23

what is conductive sclerenchyma

Answer 23

small plasmodesmata-rich area, two make up a pit pair, transports water, makes up tracheids and vessel elements in xylem

Question 24

what are the three types of plant tissues

Answer 24

dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue

Question 25

what are the 5 types of dermal tissues

Answer 25

cuticle, guard cells, stomata, root hairs, trichomes

Question 26

epidermis

Answer 26

single outer layer of parenchyma cells, protection, prevent H2O loss

Question 27

cuticle

Answer 27

cutin - outer tangental walls coated, waterproof, not as rewarding to eat

Question 28

guard cells and stomata

Answer 28

allow for gas exchange, stomatal pore surrounded by guard cells - help to regulate what comes in and out

Question 29

how to guard cells work

Answer 29

swell by absorbing water - closed at night or during period of water stress

Question 30

trichomes

Answer 30

epidermal cells that extend outwards - deter herbivory, minimize water loss, protect from sunlight, can act as secretory glands

Question 31

root hairs

Answer 31

extension of root epidermal cells - help absorb more

Question 32

what are the types of ground tissue

Answer 32

cortex and pith (eudicots)

Question 33

cortex

Answer 33

interior to epidermis - homologous, composed mostly of photosynthetic parenchyma and some collenchyma

Question 34

aerenchyma

Answer 34

cortex that is loosely packed with large cellular spaces

Question 35

pith

Answer 35

interior to vascular bundles in ground tissue - soft spongy parenchyma - sometimes stores starch

Question 36

vascular tissues

Answer 36

conducts materials throughout the plant - xylem (dead) and phloem (alive)

Question 37

xylem

Answer 37

tracheid and vessel elements - all made up of sclerenchyma - dead at functional maturity - pit membranes

Question 38

vessel elements

Answer 38

angiosperms - long-distance water and nutrient travel

Question 39

phloem

Answer 39

sieve cells and sieve-tube members - parenchyma cells and plasmodesmata for sieve pores

Question 40

sieve tubes

Answer 40

sieve plates - only in angiosperms

Question 41

albuminous cell

Answer 41

nonflowering plants, control the phloem

Question 42

companion cell

Answer 42

flowering plants - control the phloem - prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm - complex network of passages

Question 43

leaf axil

Answer 43

stem area right above where the leaf attaches - axillary bud, apical meristem, several young leaves

Question 44

terminal bud

Answer 44

extreme end of a stem

Question 45

phyllotaxy

Answer 45

positioning of leaves on a stem

Question 46

what are the three major phyllotaxy

Answer 46

alternate - one each node opposite - two each node whorled - three or more

Question 47

what are the external organization of stems

Answer 47

distichous - two rows from above decussate - 4 rows from above spiral - like a spiral staircase

Question 48

what are the stem modifications

Answer 48

stolons - fall over and keep growing tubers - like potatoes bulbs - thick fleshy leaves rhizomes - fleshy horizontal stems