Exam 1

Question 1

latin meaning of forensic

Answer 1

“of the forum”

Question 2

lochards exchange principle

Answer 2

every contact leaves a trace

Question 3

who do forensic scientists work for?

Answer 3

law enforcement or as civilians

Question 4

how many labs are in the us?

Answer 4

400

Question 5

what are bode labs used for?

Answer 5

paternity testing

Question 6

what is a crime scene?

Answer 6

where the forensic world is established

Question 7

goal of processing crime scene

Answer 7

collect and preserve evidence for later analysis

Question 8

primary location vs secondary location

Answer 8

primary- original crime scene
secondary- subsequent crime scene

Question 9

macro vs micro scopic location

Answer 9

macro- one location
micro- specific types of physical evidence

Question 10

steps to process crime scene

Answer 10

plan of action, secure scene, survey, document, search, and collect

Question 11

1st on the scene duties

Answer 11

detain suspects, provide medical assistance if needed

Question 12

crime scene documentation

Answer 12

measurements, notes, photos, and sketch

Question 13

measurements

Answer 13

must be taken from 2 pem points

Question 14

photos

Answer 14

taken with and without scale

Question 15

patterns of searching

Answer 15

spiral, zone, line, and grid

Question 16

liquid evidence vs biological evidence

Answer 16

airtight container v nonairtight

Question 17

what must happen to the containers after packaging?

Answer 17

sealed with signature on seal

Question 18

trier of fact

Answer 18

whoever determines guilt or innocence

Question 19

chain of custody

Answer 19

ppl who come in contact with evidence

Question 20

real vs augmented evidence

Answer 20

real- blood and fingerprints
augmented- created like diagrams and drawings

Question 21

direct v indirect transfer

Answer 21

direct- source to location with no intermediaries
indirect- one or more intermediaries

Question 22

persistence

Answer 22

duartion which evidence remains in location before further transferred

Question 23

contamination

Answer 23

undesired transfer between items of evidence

Question 24

individualization

Answer 24

one unique characteristic exists in known and unknown samples

Question 25

class

Answer 25

group of objects share similar characteristics

Question 26

mode of production

Answer 26

concept of common source depends on material in question

Question 27

coincidental association

Answer 27

helps to determine what evidence is significant and what may be ignored

Question 28

2 fundamental processes of analysis of evidence

Answer 28

identification and comparison

Question 29

identification

Answer 29

process of discovering characteristics of evidence with eye putting it into similar classes

Question 30

comparison

Answer 30

done to establish sources of evidence

Question 31

control

Answer 31

source is known and used for comparison with unknown evidence

Question 32

positive v negative control

Answer 32

positive- positive result, shows test is working negative control- negative result

Question 33

false positive

Answer 33

type 1 error, falsely accused, no negative control used

Question 34

false negative

Answer 34

type 2 error, falsely exonerated, no positive control used

Question 35

gene

Answer 35

consists of base pairs and is the fundamental unit of heredity

Question 36

dna

Answer 36

composed of nucleotides

Question 37

nucleotides

Answer 37

composed of series of linked repeating units

Question 38

backbone v base composition

Answer 38

backbone- sugar base- nitrogen structure

Question 39

base pairs

Answer 39

adenine- thymine guanine- cytosine

Question 40

who created the stucture of dna?

Answer 40

watson and crick; rosalind franklin

Question 41

cellular dna

Answer 41

arranged in chromosomes, 22 matched pairs of autosomes responsible for genetic makeup

Question 42

how many chromosomes do we have?

Answer 42

23

Question 43

mitochondrial dna

Answer 43

only maternal dna, more viable than nueclar

Question 44

polymorphic genes

Answer 44

exists in more than 1 form

Question 45

alleles

Answer 45

polymorphic forms of dna

Question 46

sequence polymorphism

Answer 46

difference in one or more base pairs without gene

Question 47

length polymorphism

Answer 47

repeating sequence of base pairs called tandem repeats

Question 48

what systems were used before dna typing?

Answer 48

ABO and Rh system

Question 49

why is RFLP not used anymore?

Answer 49

expensive and time consuming

Question 50

short tandem repeats

Answer 50

repeated sequences of bases, acts as a filler, and most successful DNA profiling, includes 2-7 base pairs

Question 51

polymerase chain reaction

Answer 51

technique for amplifying small quantities of dna

Question 52

done ex situ

Answer 52

outside of living cell

Question 53

process of polymerase chain reactions

Answer 53

1. dna is heared and seperated 2. primers added to link to single strand 3. nucleotides added to rebuild 4. process repeated 2-3 times

Question 54

extraction

Answer 54

break open cells to seperate dna from rest of cells

Question 55

amplification

Answer 55

make millions of copies of dna

Question 56

quantification

Answer 56

how much dna is present and the quality of the dna

Question 57

polymerase chain reaction

Answer 57

created by dr kary mullis, makes copies of DNA in machine called thermocycler

Question 58

gel electrophoresis

Answer 58

seperate various STRs by use of electricity, separates DNA based on size

Question 59

potential sources of dna

Answer 59

toothbrush, blood, gum, and hat

Question 60

bruccal sample

Answer 60

from inside cheek

Question 61

what happens after samples are collected?

Answer 61

dna profile is created

Question 62

CODIS

Answer 62

combined dna index system

Question 63

PCR

Answer 63

cold cases with partial dna revisted

Question 64

innocence project

Answer 64

created by barry sheck and peter neufeld. provides assistance to ppl convicted of crime prior to DNA typing