Exam 1 Flashcards
(55 cards)
What makes a “true experiment”?
- The investigator manipulates at least one independent variable.
- Random selection and assignment of subjects to treatments.
- Compare the treatment group with one or more control groups.
What does positive correlation mean?
an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in another variable.
What does no correlation mean?
changes in one variable are not associated in any systematic
way with changes in the other variable (test score and eye color)
What does negative correlation mean?
an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable.
Teacher’s Sense of Efficacy
a teacher’s belief that he or she can reach even the most difficult students and help them learn (high sense of efficacy = work harder with greater persistence)
Development
orderly, adaptive changes we go through between conception and death: these developmental changes remain for a reasonably long period of time
Physical Development
changes in body structure and function over time
Personal Development
changes in personality that takes place as one grows
Social Development
changes over time in the ways we relate to others
Cognitive Development
gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated
Synaptic Plasticity
the brain’s tendency to remain somewhat adaptable or flexible
Equilibrium
search for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment
Disequilibrium
in Piaget’s theory, the “out of balance” state that occurs when a person realizes that his or her current ways of thinking are not working
Object Permanence
the understanding that objects have a separate, permanent existence
Preoperational Stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Egocentric
assuming that others experience the world the way you do
Concrete Operations
Piaget’s stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 7 - 11 years of age
Collective Monologue
form of speech in which children in a group talk but do not really interact or communicate
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support
Sensorimotor
Age (Newborn- 2)
Most learning is accomplished through the senses.
Formal Operational (11-??)
Age (11-??)
Concern for social issues, future and identity.
What is an alternative to Piaget’s theory of development?
Vygotsky Dialectical Theory (new ways of thinking emerge from dialogues).
Piaget thoughts on private speech
lack of cognitive maturity
Vygotsky thoughts on private speech
saw private speech as self-talk that guided thinking and problem solving. Self-talk doubled when faced with problems.
