Exam 1 Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is a Constitutional Isomer?
Different locants, and/or different branches, and/or different parents
What is a Stereo Isomer?
Same locats and same branches and same parents
What is a conformational isomer?
Differ in a rotation about a single bond
Define a Lewis Acid.
Accepts LPs/e
Define a Lewis Base
Donates LPs/e
Define Bronsted Acid
Donates H (positive), Bronsted Acids are BAD (Bronsted Acids Donate)
Define Bronsted Base
Accepts H (Negative)
What does it mean if K>1?
Products are favored over reactants (K=Products/Reactants)
What does it mean if K<1?
Reactants are favored over products (K=Products/Reactants)
What is a Hydrogen Bond?
Think of the H as a bridge between two electronegative atoms (Hydrogen connected to a N,O,F bonds with a electron pair on a different N, O, F)
How to determine who can “handle” the negative the best when the atoms carrying the -1 charge are approximately the same size (in the same period)?
The MORE electronegative atom can handle being negative better
How to determine who can “handle” the negative the best when the atoms carrying the -1 charge are different sizes?
The BIGGER atom can handle being negative better
What is the branched trend for isomers?
The more branched an isomer is, the more stable an isomer is, the smaller its heat of combustion is, and the lower its potential energy is. (up, up, down, down)
What are the trends that you should be looking for when determining a boiling point?
More carbons = higher boiling point (look at carbon # first)
More branches = lower boiling point
What are the trends that you should be looking for when determining the heat of combustion?
The LONGER the straight-chain alkane, the HIGHER the heat of combustion
The MORE branched the isomer alkane the LOWER the heat of combustion
What are the three steps in the Sn1 reaction and what does its graph look like?
- The basic alcohol attacks HCl creating an alkyloxonium ion & Cl
- Alkyloxonium dissociates forming a carbonation and water
- Cl- captures the carbonation creating an alkyl halide (R-Cl) intermediate
Which steps in the Sn1 reaction are bimolecular/unimolecular and which ones can be classified as a bronsted and/or Lewis acid-base reaction?
Step 1: Bimolecular & Bronsted reaction
Step 2: unimolecular & both a Bronsted and Lewis reaction
Step 3: Bimolecular & a Lewis reaction
What are the reagents on the Alcohol Transformation Wheel?
HBr, HCl, PBr, and SOCl2
Tell me about the HCl Alcohol Transformation.
HCl only reacts with tertiary alcohols turning them into tertiary alkyl chlorides and is a Sn1 reaction.
Tell me about the HBr Alcohol Transformation.
All three classifications of alcohols can be transformed, however, primary and secondary alcohols need increased temperatures. Also, both secondary and tertiary alcohols go through Sn1 reactions while primary alcohols go through Sn2.
Tell me about SOCl2 Alcohol Transformations.
When in the presence of a base can transform primary and secondary alcohols to make alkyl chlorides
Tell me about PBr Alcohol Transformations.
Can convert primary and secondary alcohols into alkyl bromide
What is an electrophile?
Possess positive charge character & are attracted to species with negative charge character
What is a nucleophile?
Possess negative charge character & are attracted to species with positive charge character
