exam 1 Flashcards

Question

cognitive behavioral treatment

Answer 1

psychological disturbances result from faulty thought patterns and faulty learning and environmental experiences negative thought patterns are the target of change

Answer 2

views disorders as a result of social or environmental circumstances therapist relates to child in an empathetic way unconditional, nonjudgmental, and genuine acceptance of the child as an individual

Answer 3

categorical - DSM, ICD, based on informed professional consensus; assumes disorder has a clear underlying cause dimensional - assumes that many independent dimensions or traits of behavior exist and that all children possess them to some extent

Answer 4

classification - system for representing the major categories and dimensions of disorders and the boundaries/relations among them diagnosis - identification of a disorder from an examination of the symptoms

Answer 5

allows professionals to gather info from the child and parents in a flexible conversational style developmental history, likes/dislikse, behavioral strengths, concerns, responses to discipline, etc

Answer 6

face validity - the extent a method of measurement appears to actually measure the construct of interest construct validity- where scores behave as predicted based on previous research convergent validity - correlation between measures that are expected to be related discriminant validity - degree of correlation between measures that are not expected to be related criterion validity - how well a measure predicts behavior in settings where we would expect it to same time (concurrent) or in the future (predictive)

Answer 7

observation of a subject in a clinic or laboratory, in which a subject is given a specific task or instructions to carry out, and researchers look for specific information

Answer 8

process by which a set of standards or norms is specified for a measurement procedure so that it can be used consistently across different assessments

Answer 9

most ofen used to evaluate the impact of a clinical treatment on a subject’s problem repeated assessments of behavior over time, the replicataion of treatment effects on the same subject over time and the subject serving as their own control

Answer 10

includes specific questions designed to elecit info in a relatively consistent manner regardless of who is conducting that interview format that usually ensures that the most important aspects of a particular disorder are covered

Answer 11

people in the research sample are asked to provide info relating to an earlier time fails to identify those who did not develop a problem vulnerable to recollection biases

Answer 12

research that evaluates a specific variable of interest under conditions that only resemble or approximate the situation to which one wishes to generalize (study of college men looking after kids trained to act out ADHD (does it increase drinking?))

Answer 13

effort to identify as many factors as possible that could be contributing to a child’s problem behavior, thoughts, and feelings and to develop hypotheses about which are the most important or most easily changed

Answer 14

antecedent -> events immediately preceding a behavior behavior(s) of interest consequence -> event that follows a behavior

Answer 15

global behavior checklists allow people to rate behaviors on absence/presence, frequency, and intensity highly standardized economical CBCL child behavior checklist is a leading checklist for assessing concerns in children ages 6-18

Answer 16

informed consent requires participants to be informed of the nature of research as well as the risks and benefits assent means a child showing some kind of agreement to participate without necessarily knowing or understanding the extent of the research

Answer 17

different children at different stages of development studied at the same point in time efficient, but limited in info generated regarding developmental changes

Answer 18

research studying the incidence, prevalence, and co-occurance of childhood disorders and competencies in clinic referred and community samples

Answer 19

incidence - NEW cases over a specified period of time prevalance - ALL cases osbserved during a specified period of time

Answer 20

the research question; proposed explanation for an observed phenomenon

Answer 21

a method of research whereby the same individuals are studied at different ages/stages of development

Answer 22

-children are more vulnerable -children’s abilities are more variable -children are more reliant on others -ethical principles should be adjusted -boundary and role issues are more complex with children -adult practices do not reliably transfer -key to monitor one’s own actions / motivations -essential to maintain an absolute commitment to the safety and well-being of the patient

Answer 23

consistency/repeatability of results obtained using a specific method of measurement internal consistency - do all parts of a method of measurement contribute in a meaningful way interrater- various ppl must agree on what they see test-retest - tests or interviews repeated within a short time period should yield similar results

Answer 24

research sample is identified and then followed over time with data collected at specified time intervals assessed over time to understand the course of change or difference that may develop over time

Answer 25

definition of a concept or variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it operationalization of something like “aggression” —> “throwing object”

Answer 26

structural - MRI, CT scans show the various structures of the brain functional - fMRI + PET; registers neural activity; which brain areas are active diffusion MRI shows connections between brain regions

Answer 27

unstructured observation of a child in his or her natural environment less control than structured observation

Answer 28

comparisons are made between preexisting conditions or treatments quasi experiments, known-group comparisons essentially correlational often the only option for questions in child psychopathology

Answer 29

single case experimental design in which the effect of a treatment is shown by demonstrating that behaviors in more than one baseline change as a result of the institution of a treatment change must occur only when treatment is instituted and only for the target behavior , situation, or individual

Answer 30

mediating - explains relationship between two other variables, clarifies how or why an effect occurs moderating - influence or changes the relationship between the two other variables affects strength/interaction, tells when or under what conditions an effect is likely to occur

Answer 31

participants in a study are randomly placed into different groups to ensure each group is similar and that any differences in results are due to the experiment itself, not differences in groups

Answer 32

ability to adapt to one's environment children's competence involves their performance relative to their same age peers as well as their individual course of development

Answer 33

developmental theory in which normal and abnormal developmental changes are gradual and quantitative; development is additive rather than occurring in distinct stages discontinuity - idea that children pass through distinct developmental stages that are qualitatively different (Piaget, Erickson)

Answer 34

contributes to development/expression of children's disorders children's social behavior meaning is influenced by cultural beliefs/values research cannot be generalized cross-culturally neurobiological disorders less influenced by cultural factors

Answer 35

pattern of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms shown by individuals the person shows some degree of distress behavior indicates some disability; impairment that substantially interferes with or limits activity in one or more important areas of functoining such distress/disability increases risk of further suffering or harm such as death, pain, disability, important loss of freedom

Answer 36

average age at which children achieve various important developmental milestones guidelines, averages

Answer 37

sequence and timing of particular behaviors and possible relationship between behaviors over time development as an active, dynamic process that can account for different beginnings and outcomes

Answer 38

approach to disorders of childhood, adolescence and beyond organized around milestones/sequences in physical, cognitive, social-emotional, and educational development emphasizes developmental processes, context, and multiple/interacting events in shaping typical/atypical development

Answer 39

psychosocial tasks of childhood that reflect broad domains of competence and tell us how children typically progress within each of these domains as they grow

Answer 40

dimension of emotional processes associated with individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience

Answer 41

process by which emotional arousal is redirected, controlled, or modified to facilitate adaptive functioning

Answer 42

the means thru which environmental influences can cause changes in the ways genes work potential pathway to explain intergenerational effects of trauma or cultural trauma

Answer 43

study of the cause of disorders in childhood disorders, etiology considers how biological, psychological, and environmental processes interact

Answer 44

equifinality - similar outcomes stemming from different early experiences and developmental pathways multifinality - various outcomes may extend/stem from similar beginnings

Answer 45

behavior of an individual can be most accurately understood in the context of the dynamics of his or her family

Answer 46

describe, interpret, and understand the phenomenon of interest in the context in which it is experienced ; participants perspective intense and intimate understanding of a situation rarely achieved in quantitative research

Answer 47

girls more likely to be dx with internalizing disorders boys more likely to be dx with externalizing disorders

Answer 48

internalizing- anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, withdrawn behavior externalizing- acting out behaviors, aggression, and delinquent behavior

Answer 49

john locke - children should have rights jean marc itard- didn't lock up a feral child (victor) leta hollingsworth - kids issues stem from neglect benjamin rush - kinds incapable of adult insanity dorthea dix - established mental hospitals for kids clifford beers - guy who had psychosis, mental hygeine sigmund freud- psychoanalytic theory anna freud - applied it to kids

Answer 50

18th century, demonic possession, kids kept in cages 19th-kids should have rights, moral insanity, masturbatory insanity 20th - disorders are physical diseases, mental hygiene, categorization, behaviorism, psychoanalytic theory, etc

Answer 51

directly assess the associations b/w variatons n DNA sequences and variations n particular traits variations directly cause vairtions in traits

Answer 52

consider developmental pathways and interacting events that can go into child psychopathology multiple influences go into developments in disorders

Answer 53

regulatory center of the brain made up of the hypothalamus control center and pituitary adrenal glands influences a persons response to stress and their ability to regulate emotions

Answer 54

poverty and socioeconomic disadvantage sex and gender differences race and ethnicity cultural issues child maltreatment and non-accidental trauma

Answer 55

benzodiazepine-gaba: reduces arousal and anxiety, moderates anger and aggression dopamine: switch between different neurotransmitters, associated with mood disorders, adhd, and schizophrenia norepinephrine: emergency reactions, emotion regulation serotonin: regulatory concerns related to OCD, schizophrenia, mood disorders

Answer 56

malleable nature of the brain evidenced throughout the course of development experience leads to anatomical differentation certain synapses are strengthened and stabilized, while others disappear

Answer 57

early patterns of development and adaptation evolve over time and transform into higher order functions in a structured manner eg infant babbling turns into language

Answer 58

personal or situation variable that reduces the chance for a child disorder positive cognitive schemas, coping skills, community support etc

Answer 59

process by which synapses are reducted to make room for new neurological development

Answer 60

human behavior influenced by unconscious thoughts, desires, and memories emphasizes importance of childhood experiences

Answer 61

ability to avoid negative outcomes despite being at risk for psychopathology caries depending on specific stressor, context, and other factors not a fixed trait

Answer 62

precedes negative outcome and increases chance negative outcome occurs low ses, poor neighborhood, community violence, lack of nutrition and healthcare, parent substance use, domestic violence, homelessness, marginalization, risk factors, endocrine issues, low intelligenct, family adversity, etc etc

Answer 63

windows of time during which environmental influences on development are enhanced eg infants - emotional cues toddlers - basic language sounds

Answer 64

how people think about themselves in relation to others and how they interpret ambiguous events and solve problems

Answer 65

concept that learning occurs by observing and imitating others' behaviors learning does not require direct reinforcement

Answer 66

innate reactivity and self-regulation positive affect - easy child fearful/inhibited - slow to warm negative affect and irritability - difficult child

Answer 67

agents that can cause birth defects medications, drugs, tobacco, alcohol, infections, chemicals, health problems

Answer 68

child's susceptibility to developing a disorder, stemming from biological, social, psychological, and environmental factors

Answer 69

pros: fosters relief, hope, appropriate treatment naming the disorder can promote understanding and support insurance benefits for treatment negatives: negative self concept self-fulfilling prophesies stigma and victimization

Answer 70

multiaxial structure: I- clinical disorder II intellectual disorder or personality disorder III - current medical conditions IV - psychosocial/environmental problems V global assessment of functioning DSM 5 TR (2013) harmonizes with ICD-AA, allows global communication more naturalistic reliability trials no axes in DSM 5, specifiers replace subtypes lifetime perspective (disorder over time)

Answer 71

risks combine to transform one another eg child's irritability contributes to parent's anxious handling which contributes to child's poor self regulation, difficult temperament which contributes to parent's punitive control which contributes child's oppositional behaviors etc and so on

Answer 72

shared - produces similarities in development outcomes among siblings in the same household (parents drug use) non-shared - factors that produce differences between siblings (like their separate peer groups)

Answer 73

psychiatric model - syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbances in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning ignores environment

Answer 74

entire birth cohort born 1955, longitudinal lived in poverty split into 2 groups resilient group : 4+ risk factors before age 2, but functional normally at 10 and 18 non-resilient: matched for age, sex, and risk status. serious coping problems at age 10 and 18 qualitative and quantitative assessment shows what kind of factors can contribute to resiliency

Answer 75

jeffrey killed an old man with his friends, did other crimes jeffrey had MULTIPLE risks across domains with cascading effects on development key takeaway: number of risks accumulates and probability of poor outcomes increases expontentially

Answer 76

showed resiliency at age 9, but age 12 her coping system collapsed and she had to be hospitalized for depression. key point: resiliency varies over the lifespan and across different contexts

Answer 77

Prisoner of War Social support in isolation by developing tapping with fellow prisoners spent time daydreaming, being hopeful good temperatment, strong morals key takeaway: people can bounce back from the most horrific of traumas post traumatic growth

Answer 78

Cathy's resiliency wavered over her life cooperative at age 2, support and stimulation adequate age 10, cathy still doing well age 14, cathy enter work force age 18, by age 32 she had been deserted by her husband, had 4 kids, married twice, tried to kill herself, but was doing alright key point: resiliency doesn't always predict good outcomes

Answer 79

key takeaway: conduct disorders and ADHD require ongoing, complex treatment involving changing environments, developing coping skills, working with family, and sometimes medication. often not afforded to people without money.

exam 1 Flashcards

(104 cards)