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A&P 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions + characterstics of blood?

A

regulate PH
restrict fluid loss at injury sites
stabilize body temp
high viscosity

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2
Q

Albumins

A

brings h20 into bloodstream and keeps BP up.

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3
Q

Globulins

A

antibodies
transports lipid-soluble molecules in blood

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4
Q

Fibringen

A

provides framework for blood clot
creates strands

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5
Q

How many heme’s does hemoglobin have?

A

4

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6
Q

What is so important about heme?

A

it has Fe2+ for oxygen and CO2 to bind to.

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7
Q

Why can it be bad for CO2 to bind to hemoglobin?

A

while oxygen can bind reversibly, co2 binds irreversibly and can take up space.

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8
Q

In peripheral capillaries, where 02 is low, hemoglobin

A

releases o2 and binds co2

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9
Q

In peripheral capillaries, where 02 is high, hemoglobin

A

releases co2 and binds o2

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10
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) is secreted where when blood is low?

A

kidneys

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11
Q

Why is it dangerous for people to engage in blood doping?

A

Added blood can cause a higher viscosity and lead to blockage.

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12
Q

What part of the blood is not recycled?

A

heme

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13
Q

What structures are involved in recycling heme?

A

Bone Marrow > liver > large intestine > kidney > eliminated through urine.

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14
Q

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

A

Neutrophils > Leukocytes > monocytes > eosinophils > basophils

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15
Q

Neutrophils

A

most abundant
involved in nonspecific killing

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16
Q

Leukocytes

A

involved in specific killing

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17
Q

Monocytes

A

macrophages, engulfs pathogens

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18
Q

Eosinophils

A

involved in responding to allergies/parasites

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19
Q

Basophils

A

involved in promoting inflammation.

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20
Q

O blood type has

A

no surface antigens
A+B antibodies

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21
Q

When GIVING blood, the donor must take into account,

A

antigens

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22
Q

When RECEIVING blood, the recipient must take into account,

A

antibodies

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23
Q

Rh + has

A

surface antibodies

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24
Q

Rh - has

A

no surface antibodies

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25
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

involved in producing all formed elements except WBC

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26
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

involved in producing WBCs

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27
Q

Multi-CSF

A

produces granulecytes, monocytes, platelets, RBCs

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28
Q

GM-CSF

A

produces granulecytes

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29
Q

M-CSF

A

produces monocytes

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30
Q

Blood clotting:

A

Vascular phase- limits blood leakage, vessels become sticky
Platelets Phase-stick and release granules to attract other platelets (pos feedback)
Coagulation- Passive becomes active, stable blood clot
Extrinsic strands- outside bloodstream- fibrin
intrinsic strands = inside- using factors in blood
Clot Phase- platelets and RBCs stick to fibrin strands and clot retraction begins

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31
Q

Anticoagulants

A

maintains feedback control of blood clotting (antithrombin-III)

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32
Q

Heparin

A

produces antithrombin-III -basophil

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33
Q

Thrombomodulin

A

form platelets, Protein C

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34
Q

Prostacyclin

A

inhibit platelet aggregation (released by endothelial cells)

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35
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

dissolving clot- tissue plasminogen activator, produces plasmin

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36
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

blood to lungs

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37
Q

Systemic circuit

A

blood to body

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38
Q

Atria

A

receives blood from the body

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39
Q

Ventricles

A

pumps blood to the body

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40
Q

Right Atria

A

receives blood from systemic circuit

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41
Q

Right Ventricle

A

pumps blood through pulmonary circuit

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42
Q

Left Atria

A

Receives blood from pulmonary circuit

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43
Q

Left Ventricle

A

Pumps blood through systemic circuit

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44
Q

Parietal Pericardium

A

helps make sure the heart doesnt overflow
holds heart in place

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45
Q

Visceral Pericardium

A

reduces friction
simple squamous

46
Q

Myocardium of the heart

A

heart has twists and turns so when it contracts it pumps out more blood

47
Q

endocardium

A

makes it easier for blood to come in and out easier

48
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

in atria
helps with contraction

49
Q

Trabeculae muscles

A

in ventricles
helps with contractions

50
Q

Atrioventricular valves (AV) include ____ and separate what?

A

mitral (left) + tricuspid (right side) and separate the atria from the ventricles.

51
Q

Semilunar valves (SV) include __ and separate what?

A

aortic (left) and pulmonary (right) and separates the ventricles from the great arteries

52
Q

Coronary circulation is important for

A

ensuring blood gets to the heart

53
Q

coronary artery ensures that

A

blood gets to the heart

54
Q

RCA

A

> marginal artery > posterior interventricular artery

55
Q

LCA

A

> circumflex artery > anterior interventricular artery

56
Q

Order of Conducting System

A

SA Node > AV Node (causes delay to help with atria contraction + ventricle filling) > AV Bundle > Bundle Branches > Purkinje Cells

57
Q

Steps of the Cardiac Cycle:

A

Ventricular Filling > EDV > Ventricular Systole > Isovolumetric Contraction > Ventricular Ejection > ESV > Ventricular Diastole > Isovolumetric Relaxation.

58
Q

Ventricular Filling

A

AV Open, SV Closed
Blood filling

59
Q

EDV

A

amount of blood in ventricles at the end of ventricle diastole

60
Q

Ventricular Systole

A

AV Closed, SV Closed
Isovolumetric contraction
contraction begins, pressure increases.
SV valves are still closed bc not enough pressure has been built up.

61
Q

Ventricular Ejection

A

AV Closed, SV Opened
build pressure until relaxation

62
Q

ESV

A

amount of blood in ventricles at the end of ventricle systole

63
Q

Isovolumetric Relaxation

A

same amount of blood during this phase
all valves are closed, AV is open, SV is closed.

64
Q

P wave

A

leads to depolarization of the atria (contraction)

65
Q

QRS

A

depolarization here leads to ventricular systole, repolarization leads to atrial diastole

66
Q

Stroke Volume

A

the amount of blood you pumped out (EDV-ESV)

67
Q

Arteries

A

Can carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood. pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.

68
Q

Capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels with thin walls
location of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
need to be lipid-soluble or small

69
Q

Venules

A

smallest branches of veins that collect blood from capillaries

70
Q

Veins

A

returns blood back to the heart
carries 60% of blood

71
Q

Tunica intima

A

smooth muscle cells, not good elasticity

72
Q

Tunica media

A

smooth muscle cells, elastic

73
Q

Tunica externa

A

connective tissue, elastic

74
Q

Artery walls have more recoiling for what?

A

for the blood being pumped in without the wall bursting

75
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

constriction of blood vessel

76
Q

Vasodilation

A

relaxation of arterial smooth muscle

77
Q

The contractility of blood vessels is governed by what?

A

sympathetic division of ANS

78
Q

Elastic Arteries

A

greatest elasticity to pump out most blood

79
Q

Muscular Artery

A

biggest layer
most of the arteries in the body
Distributes blood all throughout our body.

80
Q

Fenestrated Capillary

A

present in kidneys and endocrine organs (hormones need to be able to get into the bloodstream)

81
Q

Sinusoid Capillaries

A

makes up the blood-brain barrier
gaps allow for free exchange of proteins, blood, plasma
present in liver and brain

82
Q

Capacitance vessels

A

larger diameter, thinner walls, lower blood pressure

83
Q

As skeletal muscles contract, the valve

A

closes due to the contraction

84
Q

Pressure at the beginning and end of the vessel can tell us

A

how fast the blood is moving

85
Q

Resistance

A

force that opposes blood flow.
proportional to the length and inverses proportional to diameter.

86
Q

The inverse proportion of the resistance and diameter causes

A

the most change and will cause the most impact on resistance because whatever we change we have it’s to the fourth power.

87
Q

The longer the blood vessel =

A

more resistance = harder blood flow

88
Q

Decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel will

A

cause resistance to go up

89
Q

What factors influence total peripheral resistance

A

autonomic stimulation (sympathetic division)
Hormones
vasoconstriction/dilation
hematocrit
Plaques
Growth

90
Q

What increases blood pressure?

A

Increase in blood volume (more pressure in the aorta)
Decrease vessel diameter (constriction)
Increase in viscosity (a ton of formed elements)

91
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Force of a fluid pushing against a vessel wall

92
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Force that draws water toward a higher solute concentration.

93
Q

CHP

A

fluid in the capillary
force pushing outward against the walls of the capillaries (vessel walls)

94
Q

IHP

A

fluid in the interstitial space that pushes fluid inward on the vessel wall.

95
Q

BCOP

A

force that draws water inward (towards solute (albumin) concentration in blood)

96
Q

ICOP

A

solutes in interstitial fluid and draws it outward

97
Q

Reducing CHP means

A

less fluid to hit the wall = less filtration and more reabsorption

98
Q

Increasing BCOP means

A

reabsorption

99
Q

Overhydration can lead to

A

more blood volume and cause filtration to go up and cause BCOP to go down.

100
Q

Baroreceptors sense changes in

A

pressure

101
Q

With an increase of blood pressure, Baroreceptors will

A

be stimulated > stimulate cardioinhibitory negative feedback.

102
Q

Decrease of blood pressure will cause baroreceptors

A

to not be stimulated > cardioacceleratory center stimulated

103
Q

Chemoreceptors sense changes in

A

CO2/O2 levels

104
Q

Pathway of Chemoreceptor pathway of an increase of C02 and decrease of CO2

A

medulla > cardioacceleratory center + vasomotor center stimulated + cardioinhibitory center inhibited > increased respiratory rate, increased cardiac output, and increased blood pressure.

105
Q

ADH

A

stimulates water conservation by the kindeys and peripheral vasoconstriction

106
Q

Aldosterone

A

stimulates conservation of sodium by the kidneys

107
Q

Renin releases ____ which includes which hormones?

A

angiotensin II
hormones: ADH aldosterone, and thirst stimulation/secretion

108
Q

Pacemaker cells

A

Initiate depolarization of the heart
unstable resting membrane potential

109
Q

Phases of action potential in pacemaker cells

A

Depolarization – Ca2+ moves into cell
Repolarization – K+ moves out of cell
Hyperpolarization – K+ moves out of cell

110
Q

Contractile cells

A

cells contract/shorten to move blood through chambers of the heart
stable resting membrane potential

111
Q

Phases of action potential in contractile cells:

A

Depolarization – Na+ moves into cell
Plateau Phase – Ca2+ moves into cell;
K+ moves out of cell
Repolarization – K+ moves out of cell

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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