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IHUM 202 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Influence of humanism on Reformation thought

A

o catalyst to the Protestant Reformation and thoughts and ideas of Martin Luther
o humanist education that exposed Luther to the classics and the early church fathers that previously had been known by name only
o humanism and secularism led people to question the church
o “Learning improves and ennobles

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2
Q

causes and effects of Luther’s reforms

A

o began the reformation, religious reform
o led founding of Christian churches that didn’t accept pope’s authority
o pope threatened to excommunicate
o emperor Charles summoned him to Worms
o German peasants revolted
o Princes started protesting (Protestant) which led to war against Charles V

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3
Q

Luthers experience at Diet of Worms

A

o Refused to recant positions
o Declared outlaw and heretic
o Powerful German princes protected him

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4
Q

other Protestant traditions

A
  • Anabaptism
  • Calvinism
  • Anglicanism
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5
Q

Anabaptism

A

being baptized again, adult baptism even if baptism had been performed in infancy

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6
Q

Calvinism

A

founded by John Calvin
 Strong moral code and believed in predestination, live as the elect
 God is omnipotent and omniscient
 Supported constitutional representative government and separate of church and state
 Institutio Christianae Religionis

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7
Q

Calvinism core beliefs (5)

A

o Total depravity – all people are depraved
o Unconditional election – God saves through mercy
o Limited atonement – only serves the elect
o Irresistible grace – saving grace among the elect
o Perseverance of the saints

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8
Q

Anglicanism

A

o Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII and Elizabeth 1
o Clergy: bishop, priest, deacon

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9
Q

artists of the Northern Renaissance (4)

A

Dürer
Grünewald
Bosch
Bruegel

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9
Q

the main points of Erasmus and Luther in their debate on free will

A

Erasmus: Free Will- agency
Luther: Bondage of the Will- predestination

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10
Q

Durer

A

more famous for his prints than his paintings in his day
 LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
 Artists studying human anatomy

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11
Q

Grunewald

A

exposes northern use of realism, religion, symbolism, emotion
 Reintroduces medieval hierarchy of figures (more important figures are larger) combined with intense passion and drama. Rejects classical restraint in favor of dramatic, even violent images of contemplation

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12
Q

Bosch

A

surrealist painter of the Netherlands who focused his works on symbolism, fantasy, confusion, death, torments of hell

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13
Q

Bruegel

A

famous Flemish painter who depicted landscapes with the central focus on human peasant life
 Love of landscape and genre scenes

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14
Q

Van Hemessen

A

Realistically rendered detail and sensitive, thoughtful expressions trained by her father, worked on some of his commissions

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15
Q

characteristics of Northern Renaissance paintings and prints (9)

A

o specialty: intense realism
o style: lifelike features, unflattering
o subjects: religious and domestic scenes
o figures: prosperous citizens, peasants
o portraits: reveal individual personality
o technique: oil painting on wood panel
o emphasis: visible appearance
o basis of art: observation
o composition: complex, irregular

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16
Q

indulgences

A

according to Roman Catholicism, removal or remission of the punishment that is due to purgatory for sins, the forgiving of sin upon repentance
 release sinner from penalty from priest, through good works or prayers along with payment of money

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17
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A

multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during early Middle Ages and continues until dissolution in 1806 – imperial diet was legislative body of Holy Roman Empire and superior to emperor, included positions called prince-electors who elected the prospective emperor

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18
Q

95 Theses

A

An academic proposition; a proposition to be debated and proved or disproved – challenged roman catholic doctrine of indulgences

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19
Q

Iconoclasm

A

Having to do with the destruction or removal of sacred religious images – denunciation of paintings, statues, other visuals as form of papist idolatry

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20
Q

Engraving

A

An image created by cutting into or corroding with acid the surface of a metal plate or wooden block, such that several prints of the image can be made by pressing paper or paper like materials against the plate or block – used for Adam and Eve by Durer

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21
Q

Altarpiece

A

a work of art, especially a painting on wood, set above and behind an alter

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22
Q

Triptych

A

art consisting of a painting or carving, especially altarpiece, on three panels, hinged together, Bosch used on Garden of Earthly Delights

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23
Q

Linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge with distance

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24
the turmoil in politics, succession, and religion surrounding Henry VIII
o his final break from the catholic church led to the development of ties between England and other countries of reformation, particularly Netherlands o England secretly helped Netherlands vs Spanish
25
the six wives of Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon (divorced) Anne Boleyn (beheaded) Jane Seymour (died) Anne of Cleves (divorced) Catherine Howard (beheaded) Catherine Parr (survived)
26
Catherine of Aragon
1st – mother of Mary 1. The divorce precipitated England’s break with Rome - DIVORCED
27
Anne Boleyn
2nd - mistress during reformation, gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen. Wanted to end marriage with Catherine to marry Anne – BEHEADED
28
Jane Seymour
3rd wife who gave birth to Edward VI, died during childbirth – DIED
29
Anne of Cleves
4th, unattractive – DIVORCED
30
Catherine Howard
5th executed for adultery, had no children BEHEADED
31
Catherine Parr
6th wife, had no children, outlived Henry
32
successors to Henry VIII and the resulting shifts between Protestant and Catholic interests (Edward, Mary, Elizabeth)
Edward VI
33
court portraits by Hans Holbein and Nicholas Hilliard
Anne of Cleves ermine portrait of a queen
34
the contrasting style of Spanish art in the works of El Greco
pulled together mystical and realistic color, venetian influence, distortion of figures is more mannerism
35
unique instruments and musical compositions of the Northern Renaissance
o virginal – instruments o musical compositions: motet, madrigals, anthems
36
major Northern Renaissance composers and their works (5)
Praetorius Dowland Henry VIII Tallis Morley
37
Praetorius
German composer, organist, music theorist  Most versatile composers of age, particularly significant in development of musical forms based on protestant hymns
38
Dowland
most melancholy works, ayres, travelled all over, greatest virtuoso of his day on the lute
39
Tallis
famous for 40 part motet “spem in alium” written for 8 choirs of 5 singers each, each of 5 has unique part to sing, 40 singers have unique part, expressive and emotion combination
40
Morley
lighthearted tone and fast moving songs aim to please listeners and performers, popular because of printing
41
theatres and dramatic performances in Tudor England
stage was large platform jutting out – pit or ground, allowed people of all classes to attend
42
Shakespeare’s background, work, and legacy
Went to grammar school and quit to marry anne Hathaway, they had 3 children. Wrote sonnets when legal restrictions banned actors
43
memento mori
object as warning or reminder of death, ex – skull
44
motet
short piece of sacred choral music, typically polyphonic and unaccompanied
45
madrigal
renaissance secular work originating in italy for voices, with or without instruments, set to short, lyric love poem, popular in England
46
Oriana
book of English madrigals, complied and published in 1601 by Thomas Morley, first edition has 25 pieces by 23 composers, dedication to queen Elizabeth 1
47
Lute
plucked string instrument that is a relative of the guitar
48
Groundlings
spectator or reader of inferior taste, member of theater audience who traditionally stood in the pit below the stage, paid pennies
48
Soliloquy
long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage
49
the genesis and the objectives of the Counter Reformation in Italy
started by roman catholic church
50
the characteristics and the objectives of Counter Reformation Baroque art and architecture
o placed extremes of human behavior and emotion front and center  tried to analyze how and why their subjects felt  writers used elaborate imagery
51
the outcomes of the Council of Trent, influence of Jesuits
o outcome: council redefined catholic doctrines and reaffirmed those dogmas that Protestantism had challenged  tried to eliminate the abuses by the clergy and to tighten discipline
52
influence of the Jesuits
key instruments in the campaign to reestablish the authority of the church led their militia like charge with persuasion, il Gesu
53
re-design and embellishment of St. Peter’s Basilica
o old basilica was deemed inadequate o Julius II decided on complete reconstruction o Pope Paul V – dismantle whatever remained, hired Carlo Maderno to design 27 popes had come and gone before it was done
54
painters, sculptors, and architects of the Counter Reformation Baroque
Caravaggio Gentileschi Bernini Gaulli Borromini
55
Caravaggio
Italian painter known for realistic depiction of religious subjects, novel use of light “controversial” in trouble with the law, use of tenebrism
56
Gentileschi
accomplished female painter  Elected to the Florentine academy of design, one of first female artists to paint historical and religious paintings
57
Bernini
Italian sculptor and architect of Baroque period in Italy  Most prolific sculptor of baroque era  Baldacchino – bonze – columned canopy
58
Gaulli
an Italian artist working in the high baroque and early Rococo periods, best known for grand illusionistic vault frescos in the church of the Gesu in Rome  Work influenced by Gian Lorenzo Bernini
59
Borromini
reclusive outsider, loner, “architects’ architect”  Committed suicide at 68  Introduced MOTION
60
inquisition
church court set up to try people accused of heresy
61
the papal index
list of books banned by the catholic church, the books contained ideas that went against the church’s ideas
62
baldacchino
a canopy on columns, frequently built over an altar
63
relic
object considered holy because it belonged to, or was touched by a saint or other holy person
64
mysticism
form of religious belief and practice involving sudden insight and intense experiences of God
65
Chiaroscuro
treatment of light and shade in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth
66
Tenebrism
painting in the “shadowy manner” using violent contrasts of light and dark as in the work of Caravaggio
67
Apocrypha
books of jewish scriptural writings that are not included in the canon of some bibles, including the current King James Bible
68
painters for the aristocracy
Velázquez Rubens Poussin
69
Velazquez
Spanish court painter and confidant of King Philip IV, harsh realism
70
Rubens
Flemish artists, most sought after  Emulated chiaroscuro  Ran large workshop to keep pace with his commissions
71
Poussin
most renowned French painter of 17th century  Work was protest against excesses of Baroque  Classical antiquity
72
painters for the Dutch Republic
Rembrandt Hals Vermeer Steen Claesz Ruisdale
73
civil war, plague, and fire in England, and the rebuilding of St. Paul’s Cathedral (Wren)
o reconstructed by Christopher Wren  redesign is midway of Italian Baroque (flowing) and French Baroque (strict classicism)
74
Etching
process of cutting into a surface with the use of an acid product
75
Classicism
deriving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture; implies formality, objectivity, simplicity, and restraint
76
Absolute monarch
king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society – Louis XIV
77
Parliament
body of representatives that makes laws for a nation
78
the development of opera as a major art form
demand for secular music grew and sacred music moved for a more universal appeal, born in Florence
79
characteristics and compositional developments within Baroque music
o style of music between 1600-1750 characterized by the use of the harpsichord  loaded with tension, drive (motor rhythm) activity, flairs for the dramatic
80
composers of the Baroque Era
Monteverdi Handel Bach Vivaldi
81
discoveries and theories of major Baroque scientists and philosophers
Galileo Descartes Hobbes Locke
82
Galileo
proved Copernicus’ theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed modern experimental method
82
Descartes
1596-1650: French Philosopher, discovered analytical geometry  Saw algebra and geometry have a direct relationship  Reduced everything to spiritual or physical
83
Hobbes
English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan – 1651 – in which he argues the only way to secure civil society is through universal submission to the absolute authority of a sovereign  MATERIALISM – solved political not philosophical problems
84
Locke
wrote two treatises of government.  Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property  He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel
85
notable Baroque writers
Molière Cervante Donne Bradstreet
86
moliere
French actor/ playwright who produced comedies that made fun of French society
87
Cervantes
Spanish writer best remembered for Don Quixote which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of novel from (1547- 1616)
88
Donne
earliest poet to write in metaphysical style had big influence on younger generation of poets  Became Anglican preacher, later became Dean of Saint Paul’s  Gave intellectual expression to EMOTIONAL experience
89
Bradstreet
 First American poet and key figure in history of American literature  Works shows struggle of her illness and New England colonial life
90
Florentine Camerata
group of humanists, musicians, poets, and intellectuals in late renaissance Florence who gathered under patronage of count Giovanni de bardi to discuss and guide trends in the arts – result recitative formed
91
Recitative
musically heightened speech, often in opera, oratorio, cantata to report dramatic action and advance the plot
92
Aria
operatic solo – song sung by one person in an opera or oratorio
93
Oratorio
large scale musical composition on a sacred subject  Performed without action, scenery or costume, in a church
94
Harpsichord
plucked keyboard instrument from the Baroque period of music forerunner of modern piano
95
Concerto grosso
orchestral composition where musical material is passed from a small group of soloists to the full orchestra and back again
96
Polyphony
music with two or more melodies blended together
97
Fugue
musical piece where a single theme is passed from voice to voice or instrument to instrument repeating the principal theme in different pitches
98
Counterpoint
the addition of one or more independent melodies above or below the main melody, playing more than one melody simultaneously, with both given equal value
99
Picaresque novel
form of fiction having an engaging, roguish hero who is involved in a series of humorous or satirical experiences

IHUM 202 (2 decks)

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