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Intro to Sociology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Looking Glass Self

A

The self that emerges as a consequence of seeing ourselves as we think other people see us

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2
Q

Theory of Mind

A

The recognition that other minds exist, followed by the realization that we can try to imagine others’ mental states

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3
Q

Social Psychology

A

The study of the interface between the individual and society; “the mind is social” and “society is mental”

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4
Q

Confidentiality

A

A promise that the researcher will not release personal information that can be connected to the research subject, including the fact of their participation

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5
Q

Laboratory Experiments

A

A research method that involves a test of a hypothesis under carefully controlled conditions

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6
Q

Dependent Variables

A

A variable that is hypothesized to be influenced by the independent variable; expected to show effect

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7
Q

Independent Variables

A

A variable that is hypothesized to influence the dependent variable; causes an effect

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8
Q

In-depth Interview

A

A research method that involves an intimate conversation between the researcher and a research subject

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9
Q

Correlational Claims

A

Assertions that changes in an independent variable correspond to changes in a dependent variable, but not in a way that can be proven causal

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10
Q

Causal Claims

A

Assertions that an independent variable is directly and specifically responsible for producing a change in a dependent variable

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11
Q

Control Group

A

The group in a laboratory experiment that does not undergo the experience that researchers believe might influence the dependent variable

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12
Q

Coding

A

A process in which segments of text are identified as belonging to relevant categories

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13
Q

Durkheim and The Self

A

The self is a social fact; we are real because social facts are real

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14
Q

Mead; the I and the Me

A

One is the object of thought (self we see in the mirror), one is the subject of thought (self feeling pride and embaressment)

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15
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Neurons that allows us to feel other people’s emotions as if they were our own

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16
Q

The Generalized Other

A

Imagined others of a specific social group

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17
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

A phenomenon in which what people believe is true becomes true, even if it wasn’t originally true

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18
Q

Self-narrative

A

A story we tell about the origin and likely future of our selves

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19
Q

Social Facts

A

Products of human interaction with persuasive or coercive power that exist externally to any individual; handshakes

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20
Q

Self-Concept

A

Our understanding of who we are based on our personality traits, physical characteristics, ancestry, and biographies

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21
Q

Socialization

A

The lifelong learning process by which we become members of our cultures

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22
Q

Agents of Socialization

A

Channels of influence through which we become socialized

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23
Q

Re-socialization

A

The unlearning of old beliefs, values, and norms in favor of new ones

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24
Q

Social Construct

A

An influential and shared interpretation of reality that will vary across time and space

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25
Social Construction
The process by which we layer objects with ideas, fold concepts into one another, and build connections between them
26
Interpersonal Socialization
Active efforts by others to help us become culturally competent members of our cultures
27
Social Learning
The transmission of knowledge and practices from one individual to another via observation, instruction, or reward and punishment
28
Culture
Differences in groups' shared ideas, as well as the objects, practices, and bodies that reflect those ideas
29
Cultural Beliefs
Ideas about what is true and false
30
Cultural Values
Notions as to what's right or wrong
30
Cultural Practices
The habits, routines, and rituals that people frequently perform specific to their culture
31
Cultural Norms
Shared expectations for behavior
32
Cultural Competence
Able to understand and navigate our cultures with ease
33
Cultural Relativism
The practice of noting the differences between cultures without passing judgment
34
Ethnocentrism
The practice of assuming that one's own culture is superior to the cultures of others
34
Homophily
Our tendency to connect with others who are similar to us
35
Culture Shock
Compromise of cultural competence; not knowing what's going on or how to communicate
36
Social Network Analysis
A research method that involves the mapping of social ties and exchanges between them
37
Subcultures
Subgroups within societies that have distinct cultural ideas, objects, practices, and bodies
38
Social Identity Theory
People categorize themselves into different social categories to build their own social identity
39
Social Identities
An individual's knowledge or belonging to certain social groups, together with some emotional and valuational significance of that group membership
40
"Doing Identity"
The concept of who we believe ourselves to be (e.g. Culture, gender, age)
41
Steps in the process of social identity construction
Invent, Divide, Stereotype, Perform, Rank
42
Distinction
Social force whereby people use various strategies to differentiate and distance themselves from others in society and to assign themselves greater value in the process
43
Sex
Reference to physical traits related to sexual reproduction
43
Ethnicity
Identities based on collective memories of a shared history and distinctive culture
44
Race
Socially meaningful set of artificial distinctions falsely based on superficial and imagined biological differences
45
Gender
Ideas, traits, interests, and skills that associate with being biologically male or female
46
The Gender Binary
Idea that people come in two and only two types, males who are masculine and females who are feminine
47
Sexual Minorities
People who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, or otherwise non-heterosexual
48
Intersectionality
Recognition that our lives are shaped by multiple interacting identities, coined by Kimberle Crenshaw
49
Stereotype
Clusters of ideas attached by social convention to people with specific social identities
50
Stigma
The social phenomenon or process whereby individuals that are taken to be different in some way are rejected by the greater society in which they live based on that difference
51
Symbolic Interactionism
The view of social behavior that emphasizes linguistic or gestural communication and its subjective understanding, especially the role of language in the formation of the child as a social being
52
Symbolic Interaction
Develops from practical considerations and alludes to humans' particular use of shared language to create common symbols and meanings, for use in both intra- and interpersonal communication
53
Impression Management
The attempt to manipulate the thoughts of others, controlling or influencing another person's perception
54
"Choosing a Face"
Concept linked to the dignity and prestige that a person has in terms of their social relationships
55
Mores
Moral standards that determine right and wrong, can change depending on the culture, group, or society, and are the basis of some laws
56
Norms
The perceived informal, mostly unwritten, rules that define acceptable and appropriate actions within a given group or community, thus guiding human behavior
57
Folkways
Specific social norms that define and guide behaviors (what is considered rude or not).
58
Taboo
A social group's ban, prohibition, or avoidance of something based on the group's sense that it is excessively repulsive, offensive, sacred, or allowed only for certain people. Such prohibitions are present in virtually all societies
59
Policies
Protocols or the procedure to implement laws
60
Law
The set of standards to sovern the people and their behavior
61
Social Sanctions
A social reaction of approval or disapproval in response to someone's actions
62
Account
Verbal statements made by one social actor to another to explain behavior that are unanticipated or deviant
63
Dramaturgy
Perspective on identity that employs a theatrical metaphor o explore issues of identity formation and reformation
64
Front Stage
The behavior a person performs in front of an audience
65
Backstage
Refers to the behaviors people engage in when they are no longer in the public view
66
Status Advantaged Identities
Individuals who hold or control more resources than others
67
Status Disadvantaged Identities
Individuals who hold or control fewer resources than others
68
Marked Identities
An identity that is labeled and is considered more or less extreme than normal
69
Interpersonal Discrimination
Occurs when a person's conscious or subconscious racial bias influences their interactions and perceptions of other people
70
Field Experiments
A research method that uses some controlled elements of traditional lab experiments, but takes place in natural, real world settings
71
Discrimination
Unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, or sexual orientation
72
Ethnomethodology
A method of sociology analysis that examines how individuals use everyday conversation and gestures to construct a common sense view of the world

Intro to Sociology (2 decks)

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