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Marine Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

Aristotle +

A

birth of natural history, started recording observations on shark birth and whale teeth etc

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2
Q

Linneus

A

systematic identification(binomial nomenclature), plants and animals only “gods plan”

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3
Q

Cuvier

A

generalized classification of animals. all modern day species were strong enough to survive past catastrophes

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4
Q

Edward Forbes

A

naturalist, sailed on mediterranean on Beacon, developed azoic theory

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5
Q

azoic theory (

A

there is no life deeper than 1800 ft. 1st marine scientific hypothesis

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6
Q

Michael Sars

A

naturalist, disproved azoic theory in 1850 by finding 19 new species below 1800 ft

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7
Q

Charles Darwin

A

naturalist sailed on Beagle for 6 years, studied barnacles

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8
Q

Charles Darwin theory

A

2nd marine scientific hypothesis: coral reef on sea floor would constantly grow up while sea floor subsided, creating atolls. Confirmed by drilling 100 yrs later, only case for atolls and volcanic rock

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9
Q

W.B. Carpenter and Wyville Thomson

A

led major expedition and also disproved azoic theory

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10
Q

Wyville Thomson and John Murray

A

led Challenger expedition and circumnavigated globe. sampled all waters but arctic. gave global perspective on marine biology and found 50 volumes worth of new species

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10
Q

John Buchanan

A

disproved primordial slimes (bathybius) ability to preserve and give rise to life forms, was just side effect of preserving sea water with alcohol

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10
Q

Jacques Cousteau

A

famous oceanographer who directed oceanography institute and museum in Monaco. helped patent aqua-lung and spread awareness of ocean conservation

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10
Q

developments that led to advancement of marine biology and oceanography

A

Scuba equipment, submarines, ROVs, submersible, ocean observatories

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11
Q

hypothesis

A

a statement that can be tested

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12
Q

experiment vs distributional test

A

experiments are preferred but distributional tests can also help falsify or confirm hypothesis

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13
Q

nueston

A

organism attached to ocean surface

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14
Q

nekton

A

organism swimming in ocean, capable of swimming against the current

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15
Q

plankton

A

organism floating in ocean, unable to swim against current

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16
Q

boring

A

organism inserted into wall/ledge with appendage sticking out

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17
Q

epifaunal

A

organisms that live on seabed

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18
Q

infaunal

A

organisms that live under sea floor and dig into sediment

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19
Q

semi-infaunal

A

organisms that dig into sediment but leave some extremities out

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20
Q

demersal

A

bottom feeders who hang on ocean floor

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21
Q

benthos

A

all bottom dwelling organisms including infaunal, epifaunal, and demersal

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22
intertidal zone
area between high and low tide
23
subtidal zone
ares between low tide and shelf break, always underwater
24
neritic
continental shelf area, shallow
25
pelagic zone
includes epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, and abyssopelagic areas
26
epipelagic (oceanic)
top layer of open ocean, 0-200m deep
27
mesopelagic
200-1000 m in depth, underneath epipelagic zone
28
bathypelagic
1,000-4,000m in depth, where it gets incredibly dark
29
abyssopelagic
4,000-6,000m in depth, deepest zone
30
hadal
zones under seabed, trenches that exceed 6,000m in depth
31
how much of oceans cover earth
71%, greater in Southern Hemisphere
32
how deep is ocean
84% is deeper than 2000m
33
deepest point in ocean
Marinas Trench, 11,000m
34
marginal sea
sea connected to ocean in moderation. affected by regional climate and precipitation
35
sill
shallow water barrier that prevents ocean and sea water connection
36
features all oceans share
continental shelf, continental slop, deep sea floor, oceanic ridge system
37
oceanic ridge
mountain range underwater parallel to transverse faults and formed by plates separating and lava coming up and pushing outward
38
continental shelf
shallow area outside of continents with 1degree slopes
39
continental slope
where the shelf drops off to extreme slope
40
continental rise
at bottom of slope, small rise that is collection of sediment
41
abyssal plain
flat region on ocean floor at base of continental rise
42
trenches
deep long and narrow slopes in sea floor that can go up to 11,000m deep
43
rift
crack in earths crust
44
transverse faults
perpendicular breaks in earths crust such as San Andreas fault
45
continental drift
plate tectonics slowing pushing continents away from each other
46
plates
ocean floor divided into large sections
47
magnetism in crust
as rocks crystalize, iron rich minerals form to magnetic field at the time of formation, which has been known to switch over thousands of years causing banding
48
seafloor spreading
crust formed at ridge was displaced in both directions moving outward from ridge
49
mantle
layer of earth beneath crust
50
subduction zone
where crust moves underneath trenches and is melted into mantle
51
properties of water
-polar -good solvent -high specific heat -high transparency
52
seawater temperature
-2 to 40 degree C -smaller range than terrestrial -deep ocean is cold only 2-4 degrees
53
salinity
the measure of dissolve inorganic solids in seawater
54
residence time
the average time a unit weight of a substance spends in the ocean before it is lost to sediment or continents
55
major elements
chlorine, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium, potassium
56
minor elements
bromine, carbon
57
chlorinity
total concentration of chloride in seawater about 1.81x chlorinity=salinity
58
conductivity
ability to carry an electric current- very high in saltwater
59
latitudinal variation
the balance of precipitation and evaporation based on latitude -more salinity at 30 N and S of equator
60
oxygen in sea
added by mixing from atmosphere and photosynthesis lost by respiration and chemical oxidation of compounds
61
oceanic circulation
-wind driven -density driven
62
estuary
where freshwater and saltwater mix
63
stratification
vertical separation of water by salinity
64
longshore current
energy from waves moving parallel to shoreline
65
rip current
very strong and dangerous longshore current
66
climate oscillation
climate can exhibit predictable fluctuations over decades
67
climate trend
climate can change in same direction over millennia or centuries
68
el-nino
winds shut down, warm water moves east, thermocline deepens, warmer water and low productivity in pacific, every 5-7years
69
Pacific Decadal Oscillation
switches about every 10 years, alternating warm and cold water, long term climate fluctuation
70
greenhouse effect
trapped gases in atmosphere prevent heat from rising to space, overall warming up earths surface
71
climate change predictions on ocean
warmer water, sea level rising, water becoming more acidic
72
acidification of ocean
increased co2 in atmosphere will be dissolved in ocean, decreasing pH making more acidic
73
calcifying organisms
strongly affecting by a more acidic ocean, high acidity leads to undersaturation when making skeletons of calcium carbonate
74
aragonite
less stable calcium carbonate, in corals and mollusks
75
calcite
more stable calcium carbonate, seen in pteropods, plankton, snails
76
ecology
the study of interactions between organisms and their environment and how these interactions determine distribution and abundance
77
biotic interactions
between organisms
78
abiotic interactions
between organisms and abiotic factors ex, temp
79
ecological hierarchy
individual-population-species-community-ecosystem-biosphere
80
ecological niche
range of environments in which a species is found
81
(+,-) interactions
territoriality, predation, parasitism
82
(+,+) interactions
mutualism
83
(+,0) interaction
commensalism (shark and remora)
84
sessile/stationary predation
non-mobile such as anemones
85
mobile predation
any fish, sea star, crabs, gastropods that use mobility to locate prey
86
optimal foraging theory
predators will change hunting behavior to optimize rate of ingestion of prey
87
diet-breadth model
when food resources are high, pays off to go for the good items and ignore low quality items. yet when resources are low, broadening range of prey will pay off better
88
time-in-patch model
the time spent in a patch of prey should increase with an increase of travel time between patches
89
escapes from predation
cryptic coloring, escape behavior, chemical warning, refuge habitat, refuge time
90
mimicry
another escape from predation, batesian-mimic a dangerous species to the predator mullerian- all dangerous prey have same color patterns, not well known in marine organisms
91
population level
a group of individuals that are affected by the same environment and have no connection with other population of the same species
92
factors of population size
birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration
93
modes of population change
exponential, logistic, random
94
dispersion patterns
random, uniform, aggregated
95
metapopulation
a group of populations connected through dispersal
96
source
a population that contributes individuals to other subpopulations
97
sink
a subpopulation that take immigrants from others but doesn't give individuals
98
foundation species
species that have a strong roll in supporting a community ex. reefs and sponges
99
competition
occurs from limited resources, both renewable and nonrenewable
100
outcomes of competition
-competitive displacement -coexistence
101
interference
one species overgrows another, interspecific territoriality, agonistic interaction (fighting)
102
exploitation
competition when one species eats a prey more efficiently than another
103
consequences of competition
-extinction or local extinction -coexistence -variable environment
104
paradox of the plankton
situation despite the competition and limited resources, many species of plankton are able to coexist
105
interspecific competition
competition between two species
106
infraspecific competition
competition between individuals of same species
107
keystone species
normally apex predators, a species that has a large impact on abundance of environment
108
predation affect on competition
affects success of superior species on inferior species, especially if predator prefers superior species
109
disturbance
a physical change in environment ex. ice storm
110
intermediate disturbance-predation effect
a disturbance in an environment can have same effect on competition as predation
111
top down effects
top predators have effects on food chain
112
bottom up effects
primary producers have effects on food chain
113
saprophytic cycle
dead material escaping food chain gets decomposed by saprophytes

Marine Biology (4 decks)

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