Exam 1

Question 1

Should you use barium with patients who have problems with aspiration?

Answer 1

no

Question 2

Why don’t you want to give barium to patients who have problems with aspiration?

Answer 2

you don’t want it to go into the lungs because it is an element (a rock)
Use iodine instead

Question 3

drinking barium contrast is ______

Answer 3

semi-invasive

Question 4

NPO =

Answer 4

nothing by mouth

Question 5

What position should the patient be in for a barium enema?

Answer 5

sims

Question 6

90% of UTIs come from _____ ______

Answer 6

bladder infections

Question 7

what do bladder infections come from?

Answer 7

retention of urine

Question 8

what is the number 1 cause of infection in hospitals?

Answer 8

urinary catheters

Question 9

There are two types of radiographic contrast agents:

Answer 9

Positive and Negative

Question 10

• decreases organ density to produce contrast
• two types: carbon dioxide & air
• complication = injection of air into the blood stream, producing an air embolus.
• gives a black (like air)
  appearance on an image

Answer 10

Negative contrast

Question 11

• increases organ density and improves radiographic visualization.
• creates a density difference such as white or opaque appearance on the image
• two types: barium & iodinated contrasts

Answer 11

Positive contrast

Question 12

• most frequently chosen contrast
• relatively nontoxic;
  however, if there is a
  leakage into the peritoneal
  cavity or blood stream, an
  adverse reaction can occur

Answer 12

barium sulfate

Question 13

Patient Preparation for Studies of the Lower GI Tract:

Answer 13

strict diet
a clear liquid diet 24 hours before examination
laxative and cleansing enemas

Question 14

Patients with what condition require special pre-examination orders and instruction

Answer 14

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Question 15

cleansing enemas are always to be ordered by the physician

Answer 15

true

Question 16

can create dehydration

Answer 16

Hyperosmolar

Question 17

can create fluid toxicity

Answer 17

Hypo-osmolar

Question 18

_____ is now the most common modality used in the diagnosis of pathological condition of the lower GI tract

Answer 18

CT

Question 19

A _____ is created by bringing a loop of
bowel to the skin surface of the abdomen

Answer 19

stoma

Question 20

Diseases that may require stomas:

Answer 20

• Cancer
• Diverticulitis
• Ulcerative colitis
• Traumatic injuries

Question 21

They are performed to diagnose pathology of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and small intestines

Answer 21

upper GI tract and small bowel studies

Question 22

considerations for upper GI tract and small bowel studies

Answer 22

• Low residue diet 2 to 3 days prior to
  examination
• NPO 8 hours before the examination
• No smoking or chewing gum
• If perforation or obstruction is suspected, a water-soluble iodinated contrast must be used

Question 23

Approximately ___ oz of barium is ingested
by the patient for an UGI

Answer 23

12

Question 24

refers to the insertion of a plastic, silicone, or rubber tube through the urethral meatus into the urinary bladder

Answer 24

Catheterization of the urinary bladder

Question 25

___________ is radiography of the bladder

Answer 25

Cystography

Question 26

requires a catheter placed at the ureters for a nonfunction radiograph of the kidneys

Answer 26

Retrograde pyelogram

Question 27

_______ ______ are catheters from the kidney to the bladder

Answer 27

Ureteral stents

Question 28

Catheterization is performed:

Answer 28

* To drain * To instill contrast for pathologic findings * Post surgery

Question 29

a catheter which is inserted and left in place to allow continuous drainage of urine (most commonly used in radiology)

Answer 29

indwelling catheter

Question 30

used to obtain a specimen or to empty the bladder and then removed

Answer 30

straight catheter

Question 31

A straight or indwelling catheter __F or __F for adult female __F to __F on males

Answer 31

14F or 16F 16F to 20F

Question 32

what is in a catheterization kit?

Answer 32

* A straight or indwelling catheter (14F or 16F for adult female, 16F to 20F on males) * A 10-mL syringe filled with saline to inflate balloon (for indwelling catheter only) * Antiseptic solution * Cotton balls or Betadine swabs for cleansing * Water-soluble lubricant * A specimen bottle A receptacle for draining urine * A closed-system drainage set of an indwelling catheter * Sterile gloves * Sterile drapes * Sterile forceps

Question 33

has a double lumen with an inflatable balloon at one end. One lumen is attached to the urinary bag and the other lumen is for instilling sterile water into the balloon

Answer 33

indwelling

Question 34

single lumen, no balloon

Answer 34

straight

Question 35

how long is the female urethra?

Answer 35

3-5cm or 1.5-2in

Question 36

how long is the male urethra?

Answer 36

14-18cm or 5.5-7in

Question 37

a physician's order is needed before removing an indwelling catheter

Answer 37

true

Question 38

Two common alternative methods of urinary drainage, could be temporary or permanent:

Answer 38

Suprapubic catheter Condom catheter

Question 39

* Catheter placed directly into bladder through abdominal incision. Used after gynecologic surgeries, urethral injuries, prostatic obstruction, or chronic incontinence or bladder control. * Reduce risk of infection as a long- term method of bladder drainage and facilitate normal urination after surgery

Answer 39

Suprapubic catheter

Question 40

* Externally applied drainage used for males who are susceptible to UTIs or are incontinent or comatose. * A soft rubber sheath that is placed over the penis and secured with adhesive material. * Changed every 24 to 48 hours

Answer 40

Condom catheter

Question 41

* Done to diagnose pathologic changes in the bladder’s function, such as tumors, trauma, or vesicoureteral reflux due to incompetent ureteral valves * Also demonstrates anatomic changes in the bladder floor, the posterior urethrovesical angle, and the angle of the urethra in female patients when stress is applied to the bladder

Answer 41

Cystography

Question 42

patient considerations before cystography

Answer 42

* Patient is advised to restrict intake of liquids several hours before the exam. * Notification of catheterization is made. * Assess the patient for any allergies (iodine and other medications). * Pregnancy and UTI are contraindications for exam. * Bladder is filled with contrast agent, 200 to 300 mL for an adult and 50 to 100 mL for a child.

Question 43

Occurs in patients who are paralyzed. A stimulus such as a full rectum or an overdistended bladder creates an exaggerated response by the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 43

autonomic dysreflexia

Question 44

* Radiographic technique performed to visualize the proximal ureters and the kidneys after injection of an iodinated contrast agent through the ureter. This is done with a scope by a urologist * Done to assess obstruction caused by tumors, scarring, or other pathologic conditions. * This exam will not show renal function.

Answer 44

retrograde pyleogram

Question 45

* If an obstructed ureter is present, this will be inserted on a temporary or permanent basis. * They can be inserted surgically or during a retrograde pyelogram

Answer 45

Ureteral Stents

Question 46

Explain the correct order of scheduling radiographic imaging examinations if multiple examinations are ordered. 1. Iodinated contrast studies must be performed before barium studies because the barium would obscure the iodinated contrast. 2. Procedures that require fasting must be done in the morning. 3. When a patient needs both upper and lower GI systems examined with barium the lower GI series should be scheduled first because barium clears quickly from the lower bowel. 4. All exams that do not require contrast media should be scheduled first. 5. Ultrasonography and nuclear medicine procedures must be scheduled before contrast studies, so the contrast doesn’t interfere with these exams.

Answer 46

2, 4, 5, 1, 3