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Bio 211 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

actually lock the fuck in dude (91 cards)

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1
Q

What are the domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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2
Q

Domains of Eukarya

A

protists, fungi, plants, animals

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3
Q

Who devised the classification of microorganisms?

A

Carl Woese in 1978

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4
Q

Who observed plant cells?

A

Robert Hooke in 1665

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5
Q

Who first described live microorganisms?

A

Anton van leeuwenhoek, dawg what, in 1673-1723

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6
Q

Who did the decaying meat experiment?

A

Francisco Redi in 1668

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7
Q

Who boiled nutrient broth in covered flasks?

A

John Needham in 1745

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8
Q

Who boiled nutrient solutions in flasks?

A

Lazzaro Spallanzini(?) in 1765

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9
Q

Who boiled short-necked flasks with beef broth?

A

Louis Pasteur in 1861

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10
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life

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11
Q

Biogenesis

A

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life

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12
Q

Light microscopy and examples of it

A

the use of any kind of microscopy that uses visible light to observe specimens; compound, dark field, phase-contrast, fluorescence, confocal

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13
Q

Compound light microscopy

A

uses visible light as its source of illumination;

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14
Q

Resolution
(resolving power)

A

the ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure; ability of the lenses to distinguish two points that are specified distance apart

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15
Q

Refractive index

A

the measure of the light-bending ability of a medium

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16
Q

Brightfield microscopy

A

type of illumination produced by regular compound microscope; it shows the internal structures and outlines of transparent pellicle

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17
Q

Darkfield microscopy

A

a special condenser with an opaque disk that eliminates all light in the center of the beam. the light comes in at an angle; against a black background

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18
Q

Phase-contrast

A

the specimen is illuminated by light passing through an annular diaphragm; two light rays travel different paths and are combined at the eye; shows greater differentiation of internal structures and shows the follicle

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19
Q

Fluorescence microscopy

A

very sensitive, can see virus-like particles

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20
Q

Confocal microscopy

A

sample stained with fluorescent dye, each plane captures separately creating a 3-D image

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21
Q

Electron microscopy

A

uses electrons instead of light; higher resolution due to smaller wavelengths; transmission good for internal structures; scanning good for surfaces

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22
Q

prokaryote

A

pre-nucleus (no nucleus); single cellular; usually lack membrane-enclosed organelles; no histones, no organelles, divides binary fission

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23
Q

characteristics of prokaryotes

A

all bacteria has cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and nucleoid; plasmids encode information such as genes for resistance to antibiotics;

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24
Q

eukaryote

A

multi-cellular; has nucleus; paired chromosomes in nuclear membrane; histones; organelles; polysaccharide cell walls when present; divides by mitosis

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25
bacteria prokaryotic cells
peptidoglycan cell walls
26
archaea prokaryotic cells
pseudomurein cell walls
27
coccus
spherical shaped
28
bacillus
rod-shaped
29
spiral
vibrio, spirillum, spirochete
30
bacterial pairs
diplococci, diplobacilli
31
bacterial clusters
staphycocci
32
bacterial chains
streptococci, streptobacilli
33
bacterial groups of four
tetrads
34
bacterial cube-like groups of eight
sarcinae
35
glycocalyx
sticky materials (polysacccharides) outside cell wall; allows cells to attach to surfaces, prevents phagocytosis, and environmental protection
36
flagella
filamentous appendages that propel bacteria; made of chains flagellin; attached to protein hook and anchored to basal wall and membrane
37
motile cells
rotate flagella to run or tumble; move toward or away from stimuli
38
axial filaments (endoflagella)
rotation causes cell to move; in spirochetes, anchored at one end of a cell
39
fimbriae
fimbriae are proteinaceous fibers on surface of cell; allow attachment
40
pili
facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another; gliding and twitching motility
41
peptidoglycan
prevents osmotic lysis and protects the cell membrane; contributes to pathogenicity
42
gram-positive cell wall
thick peptidoglycan; no outer membrane; no periplasmic space; teichoic acids; high susceptibility to penicillin
43
gram-negative cell wall
thin peptidoglycan; outer membrane; periplasmic space; lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
44
gram-negative outer membrane
protection from phagocytes and antibiotics; lipopolysaccharide; porins form channels in membrane
45
basic dye
chromophore is a cation
46
acidic dye
chromophore is an anion
47
negative staining
staining the background instead of the cell
48
simple staining
use of a single basic dye; highlights entire microorganism; mordant may be used to fix it in place
49
differential stains
used to distinguish between bacteria; gram stain and acid-fast stain
50
gram stain
classifies bacteria into gram-positive or gram-negative; crystal violet + peptidoglycan
51
acid-fast stain
identifies bacterial spp. with mycolic acids; cell walls have layer of mycolic acid
52
acid-fast stain continued
binds only to bacteria w/ waxy material in cell walls; used to identify myobacterium and nocardia
53
plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer that encloses cytoplasm; peripheral proteins on the membrane surface
54
plasma membrane structure: fluid mosaic model
membrane is as viscous as olive oil; proteins move freely for various functions; proteins rotate and move laterally
55
plasma membrane functions
selective permeability allows passage of some molecules; contains enzymes for atp production; alcohol n other shit cause leakage of cells
56
passive process: simple diffusion
movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to low concentration
57
passive process: facilitated diffusion
solute combines w a transporter in membrane; transports ions and larger molecules across membrane WITH gradient
58
passive process: osmosis & osmotic pressure
movement of water across selectiveley permeable membrane from high water conc to low conc; through lipid layer; pressure needed to stop water from crossing
59
passive process: isotonic solution
solute conc equal inside and outside of cell; equilibrium
60
passive process: hypotonic solution
solute conc is lower outside than inside cell; water moves in
61
passive process: hypertonic solution how many passive processes are there my god
solute conc is higher outside than inside, water moves out
62
ACTIVE TRANSPORT!!!
requires a transporter protein and atp; AGAINST gradient
63
group translocation
requries transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic?? acid as it crosses membrane
64
cytoplasm
substance inside plasma membrane; 80% water w proteins n carbs n lipids n ions
65
ribosomes
sites of protein synthesis; made of RNA
66
endospores
resting cells; produced when nutrients are depleted; resistance to dessiccation, heat, chemicals; prod by bacillus and clostridum
67
sporulation
endospore formation
68
germination
endospore returns to vegetative state
69
eukaryotic flagella and cilia
flagella: long; not many cilia: short; a lot both consist microtubules of tubulin
70
metabolism
buildup and breakdown of nutrients in a cell; atp and enzymes are key
71
role of atp in anabolic and catabolic reactions
anabolic reactions are coupled to atp breakdown catabolis reactions are coupled to atp synthesis
72
energy production
oxidation-reduction reactions and atp generation
73
oxidation-reduction reactions
electrons are often associated w hydrogen atoms; oxidations are often dehydrogenation
74
substrate level phosphorylation
atp generated when high energy pi is transferred from phosphorylated compound to adp
75
oxidative phosphorylation
electrons transferred from one carrier along transport chain on a membrane that released energy to make atp
76
chemiosmosis
process where atp is generated from adp using energy from electron ransport chain
77
photophosphorylation
occurs in photosynthetic cells with light trapping pigments like chlorophylls; light -> energy -> atp
78
carbohydrate catabolism
breakdown of carb molecules to produce energy; glucose is the most common carb energy source
79
glycolysis (this seems important cuz it got its own slide)
oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces atp and nadh
80
pentose phosphate pathway
breaks down 5 carbon pentose sugars --> nadph; operates w glygolysis and provide intermediates for synthesis
81
entner-doudoroff pathway
produced nadph and atp; does not involve glycolysis
82
cellular respiration
oxidation of molecules liberated electrons to operate electron transport chain; atp generated by oxidative phosphorylation
83
aerobic respiration
uses oxygen as final electron acceptor
84
anaerobic respiration
no oxy
85
krebs cycle- aerobic respiration
pyruvic acid oxidized and decarboxylation occurs; carbon compound attached to coenzyme-a --> acetyl coa and nadh; oxidation of acetyl coa --> nadh, fadh2, and atp; co2 is thrown away
86
electron transport chain
series of carrier molecules are oxidized and reduced as electrons go down, generating proton gradient across membrane; energy released produces atp and chemiosmosis
87
fermentation
releases energy from sugars and organic molecules; no oxygen or krebs cycle
88
microbial metabolism
organisms obtain energy for cellular work by oxidizing organic compounds
89
photosynthesis
light energy to chemical energy for carbon fixation
90
photosynthesis (plants, algae, cyanobacteria)
use water as hydrogen donor and release oxygen
91
learn the types of photosynthesis
its in ch 5 pt 2 im not typin that im tired

Bio 211 (2 decks)

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