Exam 1 Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
Humans belong to the order… the group that contains lemurs, arises, galagos, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes.
A
Primates
2
Q
We are one of the five extant species of … - chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, humans
A
Greater Apes
3
Q
Humans and … cohabitated and procreated at some point in time
A
Neanderthals
4
Q
The ____ method - comparing a cognitive trait in several closely related species
A
comparative
5
Q
______ hide food and must remember where they stored it to survive
A
Corvids
6
Q
How do we test spatial memory in corvids?
A
through examining caching (food storing)
7
Q
Which environmental pressures influenced caching behavior and ability to recall locations with corvids?
A
high/low altitude, low temps, limited food supply
8
Q
Why do male meadow voles have a larger hippocampus than their counterparts?
A
They are polygynous, therefore they have a greater home range & need to navigate, while females are expected to stay home
9
Q
A suite of correlated behaviors that are consistent in an individual across multiple situations?
A
behavior syndrome
10
Q
mammals and birds have a very ____ brain for their body size
A
large
11
Q
reptiles, fish, ells have a much _____ brain size than mammals and birds
A
smaller
12
Q
evolutionary increase in the complexity or relative size of the brain, a shift of function from non-cortical parts to the cortex?
A
encephalization
13
Q
_______ _______ - the ratio between brain mass and predicted brain mass for animal of any given size
A
encephalization quotient
14
Q
birds with social and tool-using abilities have a ____ ______
A
High EQ (encephalization quotient)
15
Q
the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages, usually due to similar eco. evolutionary pressures
A
convergent evolution
16
Q
traits arising through convergent evolution
A
analogous traits
17
Q
similarity in species of different ancestry due to convergent evolution
A
homoplasy
18
Q
Webbed feet are an example of …
A
convergent evolution - analogous traits
19
Q
The hummingbird moth and hummingbird are an example of _________ in evolution.
A
homoplasy
20
Q
morphological, behavioral, physiological, cognitive traits associated w/ ecological demands particular to a species/group of species
A
adaptive specialization
21
Q
beaks of finches were observed to be different depending on …
A
which food they eat
22
Q
evolution and movement of an animal into a wide variety of types adapted to specialized modes of life
A
adaptive radiation
23
Q
Nuts died out from a drought, leaving smaller nuts. What will happen to the finches’ beaks over time?
A
their beaks will gradually become smaller to access smaller nuts
24
Q
Comparative embryology shows that _____ and _____ embryos are extremely similar until a certain age.
A
Pig and human
25
Pre-industrial revolution, trees were lighter. After, trees became more sooty. What will happen to a light peppered moth?
The moth will adapt to be darker to blend with the trees.
26
____ breeding is the fastest example of artificial selection
dog
27
when genes replicate and there are mistakes caused in copying
random mutations
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model of evolution where speciation is slow, uniform, and gradual
phyletic gradualism
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proposes most species will exhibit little change for most of geological history, then rapid changes occur that are associated with rare geological events
punctuated equilibrium
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false belief that evolution strives to create a perfect being
evolutionary progressivism
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perceptions begin with units of sensation, emphasis on components over the whole; the environment grabs our attention then we respond
bottom-up
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focus on how experiences and knowledge are critical in forming perceptions, our goals influence what we are processing
top-down
33
If we see a spider on the ground and jump, what is this an example of ?
bottom-up processing
34
If we see a spider on the ground and walk away, knowing it won't cause harm, what is this an example of?
top-down processing
35
how we combine features of objects to detect object forms, textures, targets, boundaries
feature integration theory
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______ stage - when target shares many features with the background; search for target is serial, adding more distractors will increase search time
attentive
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searching all at once; reaction time doesn't increase even when numbers of distractors in display increase
parallel processing
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looking from item to item; reaction time to finding target increases as number of distractors increases
serial processing
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If a bright yellow pen is dropped on a gray floor, this would be an example of ...
parallel processing
40
When you are looking for Froot Loops in the cereal aisle, this is an example of ...
serial processing
41
performance facilitated by presenting a cue that has been associated w/ the target
associative priming
42
having a mental image of what prey should look like enhances the ability to detect matching items
search image
43
tendency for different individuals of the same species to have markedly different colors or patterns
polymorphism
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Animals must constantly switch between foraging for food and examining their surroundings for predators. both cannot be done simultaneously. this is an example of...
divided attention
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an individual can spend more time foraging while others are available to warn them
shared vigilance
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meerkats will find the highest point of an area and show guarding behaviors, __________ survival of other group members
increasing
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Birds or fish will flock/swim in groups of menacing patterns to fend off prey. Example of?
dilution effect
48
______ neurons collect info from external stimuli such as light waves, sound waves, chemicals, pressure
sensory
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interpretation of sensory info
perception
50
_______ rely heavily on vision
primates
51
the important layer where vision is produced and transmitted to the brain
retina
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___ transduce light/dark and ___ transduce lg/sm wavelengths
rods; cones
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___ are found primarily in the fovea
cones
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____ are located in the periphery of the retina
rods
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Frogs have larger ____ to see well in the dark because they are nocturnal.
rods
56
Dogs cannot discriminate between ___ and ____ color
red and green
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the reflective structure on a cat's eye is the ...
tapetum
58
____ and ____ have a visible spectrum that extends into the UV range.
birds and insects
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these hold an owl's eyes in place because they cannot move their eyes; forcing them to turn their whole head.
sclerotic rings
60
clusters of photoreceptor cells; found in insect's vision
ommatidia
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______ have good binocular and stereoscopic vision, with eyes set in front
predators
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____ _______ have eyes on the side of their heads, a wide visual field good for detecting movements
prey animals
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many birds have two _____ which helps identify motion in the peripheral field; judging speed and distance
foveae
64
How would the olfaction skills of a mole be?
They would have a keen sense of smell because they must know where they are going underground to not expend energy.
65
This animal has disc-shaped funnels to filter background noise when hunting prey.
barn owl
66
natural selection favors ____ animals with adaptive specializations
prey
67
when a predator and prey "one-up" each other with the ability to hide and seek one another; leads to adaptive specialization
evolutionary arms race
68
ability of an organism to avoid detection through visual, auditory, and/or olfactory modalities
crypticity
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The ______ ______ happened when a protein affected the amount of melanin injected into the growing hair, causing a banding effect.
Agouti coloration
70
In a BBC video, a cuttlefish was seen trying to mimic the shape and color of his surroundings. This was an example of...
crypticity
71
A warning signal associated w/ unprofitability of a prey to potential predators
aposematism
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_____ mimicry- when two or more species have similar warning signals and share genuine anti-predation attributes
Müllerian mimicry
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______ mimicry - the mimic shares signals similar to their model, but doesn't have the attribute to make it unprofitable to predators
batesian mimicry
74
The video of the bat and bembyx moth showed that they each had special sensory channels and stimulus coding mechanisms. This was an example of ...
coevolution
75
examines ability of an organism to discern between info-bearing energy patterns and random energy patterns that distract from the info
signal detection theory
76
attempted to account for all learning within the same set of principles
general process learning theory
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animals being reinforced with food to perform a task engage in counterproductive species specific food related behaviors
instinctive drift
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the raccoon washing behavior is an example of...
autoshaping
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occurs with minimum experience, learning can occur even with hours in between toxin and sickness
conditioned taste aversion
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process of changing behavior by following response w/ reinforcement or punishment
operant conditioning
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increases the probability that a response will be repeated
reinforcement
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decreases probability of a response
punishment
83
to increase your winning, the coach gives you a prize for achievement. What is this an example of?
positive reinforcement
84
To increase your cleaning your room, your mother stops nagging when you clean it. Example of?
Negative reinforcement
85
To decrease your whining, your mother spanks you. Example of?
positive punishment
86
To decrease you staying out late, your father takes away your car keys. Example of?
negative punishment
87
Birdsong learning has been an important model for both classical and operant learning, specifically in ___________ ________.
Isolation studies
88
birds have a ___________ and area ____, which are analogous to human Wernicke's and Broca's areas.
higher vocal center (HVC) and area X
89
A puff of air is blown into the eye just after a bell is played. After several reps, the eye ______ when just the bell is played.
blinks
90
the process that establishes or strengthens a CR
acquisition
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The CS is repeatedly presented without the US until the response is extinguished.
extinction
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________ conditioning is when the CS and US overlap
delayed conditioning
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___________ conditioning is when the CS occurs totally before the US
trace conditioning
94
_______ conditioning - CS occurs after the US (not useful for learning)
backward conditioning
95
How close in time are the CS and US paired?
contiguity
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interval of time between the CS and US
inter-stimulus interval (ISI)
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long ISIs can still result in learning
taste aversion learning
98
interval of time between pairings of the CS and US
inter-trial interval (ITI)
99
what is the probability that the CS will precede the US?
contingency
100
the state of quality of an item that stands out relative to neighboring items
visual saliency
101
prev. learning disrupts the CS-US contingency
prior experience
102
2 or more stimuli presented together, often as CS
compound stimulus
103
one of the components of a compound stimulus is more effective than the other in eliciting the CR
overshadowing
104
_______ -prior experience causes one part of a compound stimulus to be ineffective
blocking
105
The theory that an organism does not profit equally from each training trial... How much one profits depends on how much one already knows
Rescorla-Wagner Theory
106
Clicker training in dogs is an example of a ___________ __________
secondary reinforcer
107
CS acts as a substitute for the US
Stimulus-Substitution Theory
108
stimulus evokes decreased response over time so animals can avoid costly responses when there is no benefit from responding to repeated stimulation
habituation
109
The video of the horse being afraid of a plastic bag is an example of...
Habituation - the horse reacts to the stimuli negatively until the plastic is rubbed on him and he can become accustomed
110
Dik-diks that were habituated to humans were less able to discriminate predators calls than were animals that were not used to humans. This suggests...
exposure to humans poses a threat to prey species.
111
when a stimulus evokes an increase response over time
sensitization
112
habituation of a prev. sensitized response
desensitization
113
sensitization of prev. sensitized response
dishabituation
114
fear of new things/experiences
neophobia
115
Rats have taken little nibbles of a food and it made them sick. They then do not return to the food. Example of?
food neophobia
116
tendency to like new things, noveltyseeking
neophilia
117
Infant visual habituation paradigm - infants shown two pictures simultaneously and the infants' looking times to the pictures were recorded -- main finding?
infants can differentiate between novel and familiar stimuli
118
The philosophical argument about whether or not animals share mental capacities with humans is called the _______ debate
continuity
119
_________ is a theoretical evolutionary model in which species remain relatively unchanged for a long time, and an environmental event triggers rapid changes.
punctuated equilibrium
120
___________ is when human attributes like emotions and behaviors are given to non-human subjects.
anthropomorphism
121
A dog showing their teeth is described as "happy". A wolf howling is described as "talking". Examples of?
anthropomorphism
122
Why is it important to study sensory systems in animal cognition?
Senses give a large understanding of how an animal operates like vision or olfactory senses. Knowing about these senses allows us to design appropriate experiments for the animal.
123
In a video from class, a stimulus was placed into a fish tank - a circle and hyphen - where the fish was trained to get food from a syringe and eventually learned they would get a bite of food if they touched the stimuli. Example of?
object recognition training in fish
124
_______ _________ is a special type of recognition that has evolutionary importance.
face recognition
125
Kanwisher and colleagues conducted experiments that isolated the specific brain area that fires action potential selectively when we view faces. This was named the ...
Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
126
In a video from class, we watched how a baby starts with undeveloped eyesight and tries to make sense of their surroundings, only seeing contrasts of lights and darks. This showed...
how facial recognition has evolutionary importance - babies can recognize their mothers contrast of the face
127
What did the video "A murder of crows" detail?
human facial recognition by crows - a man in a mask took one of them, leading a whole species to alarm call when they recognize anyone with the mask
128
facial blindess
prosopagnosia
129
damage to this area or a genetic defect will cause prosopagnosia
Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
130
Father of ethology
Konrad Lorenz
131
Greylag geese study by Lorenz
two groups of geese were hatched - one by mom and one in incubator - when mixed in a group they would segregate to who they were first exposed - Konrad or mother goose
132
Lorenz discovered that geese could also imprint on _______ _______
inanimate objects - they followed a box placed on a model train in one experiment
133
form of learning where a very young animal fixes its attention on the first object which it has an experience with and follows that object after
imprinting
134
Operation migration did what?
sought to save whooping cranes by teaching them migration without imprinting on humans. they used disguises and a sound machine and ultralight sounds of a plane to help sensitize the birds.
135
Johnson and Bolhuis identified two independent neural systems that control ______ _______ in precocial birds
filial imprinting
136
Filial imprinting is based on these two neural systems
instinct and learning
137
why would imprinting not be genetically programmed and automatic?
A neural imprinting system allows more adaptive flexibility and is an advantage - if their mother dies, they can be adopted by another family member.
138
process by which a young animal learns characteristics of a desirable mate
sexual imprinting
139
Male zebra finches prefer to mate with a female _____ the one that reared them, rather than their birth parent.
resembling
140
Example of cross-fostering?
goats raised by sheep mature and prefer to mate with sheep - sheep raised by goats prefer to have goats as mates
141
Why do many fathers leave after mating with females?
They leave so inbreeding won't happen with family members.
142
an endangered nocturnal parrot from NZ suffered an illness which led to him being taken away from his mother and hand-raised by rangers. He imprinted on humans and doesn't interact with other parrots.What issue does this create?
The kakapo is afraid of other kakapos which creates a problem for conservation because they may not want to breed with others of the same species.
143
Lorenz's geese sometimes imprinted on shoes or wading boots, which could help explain ______
fetishism
144
animal's ability to distinguish kin and non-kin
kin recognition
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preferential treatment of kin
nepotism
146
Beldings' ground squirrels use scents from oral and dorsal glands to discriminate among unfamiliar relatives can recognize distant kin and alter interactions as a function of relatedness. Ex of?
kin recognition
147
evolutionary strategy that favors reproductive success of organism's relatives, even at a cost to organism's own survival and reproduction
kin selection
148
all of one's own offspring that survive to reproduce plus number of related offspring that one can add to the population by supporting others
inclusive fitness
149
an organism can improve its overall genetic success by exhibiting altruistic ______ ______ to its kin
social behavior
150
offspring raised by older female sibling or a grandmother
allomothering
151
cooperative brood care
eusociality
152
________ shrimp collectively protect the young in the colony, many of which are related
eusocial
153
offspring recognition is evolutionarily favored because...
raising young is energetically costly and you don't want to raise someone else's offspring
154
King penguins video is an example of
offspring recognition - they leave young in big groups and call to find their offspring when they return - the chick must follow their parent so they ensure they're the right offspring
155
Sea lion pup scent recognition
they use scent from a pup and her own pup and place it on fake pups - count number of nose bumps sea lion gives the fake pup
156
organism's genetic info
genotype
157
organism's observable info
phenotype
158
A phenotype results from the expression of an organism's _____ and ______ factors
genetic and environmental
159
an individual learns its own phenotype and stores this representation in its memory, later comparing other individual to this template
phenotype matching
160
phenotype matching assumes that individuals that most closely resemble one's phenotype are most likely to match one's _________ too
genotype
161
directly recognizing copies of one's own alleles in other individuals
recognition alleles
162
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an example of...
recognition alleles in human females - smelly t-shirt experiment - were able to smell genetically compatible mate
163
females prefer t-shirts worn by men with _________ MHC than their own, which may confer immunological benefits to offspring
different
164
song learning and tutor in Zebra Finches
Article 1 - exp 1 - most start at 25d and need contact with father for accuracy - onset corresponds with neural circuits for song learning
exp 2- young chose father of a single stranger male or stranger male with female company - filial bond could be due to preference
exp 3 - small preference to copy male song that is female-directed - young males learn acoustic features and visual/dynamic movements of tutors that constitute courtship
165
one-trial appetitive condition in sexual behavior system
Article 2 - male Japanese quail - determined if appetitive US opportunity to mate with female can generate one trial learning
Found - birds receiving CS and US pairing approached the model bird for mating more than the actual
166
________ theory includes variation, heritability, survival, and reproduction
Darwin's
167
adaptations to one's environmental problem that can be co-opted to solve another
exaptations
168
side effects of adaptations - Ex. bellybutton from umbilical cord
byproducts
169
chance mutations that don't provide any advantage - Ex. curvature of bellybutton
random effects
170
no need to attribute complex thought processes to animals if their behavior can be explained by simple mechanisms
Morgan's canon
171
animals form more complex mental representations of their environment
Tolman - animal thought
172
stereotyped, species-typical behavior that occur in rigid order and are triggered by specific stimulus in enviroment
fixed action patterns (FAP)
173
questions of ethology - adaptive
what is the function of behavior?
174
questions of ethology - evolution
how did behavior develop across evolution and how does it compare to behaviors of closely related species?
175
questions of ethology - ontogeny
how does behavior change across the lifespan of an organism?
176
questions of ethology - immediate causation
what are internal mechanisms that produce behavior?
177
a male robin singing in spring to attract a mate or as a territorial defense would be an ______ ultimate cause
adaptive
178
bigger/stronger vocals are more attractive to females. Example of an _________ ultimate cause
evolution
179
characteristic of male robin song from exposure to other males during development is example of _______ proximate cause
ontogeny
180
singing when long periods of daylight promote hormone production that acts on specific brain areas for vocalization is example of ________ proximate cause
immediate causation
181
behaviors that maximize gain and minimize costs are _______ and more likely to be ______ to the next generation
adaptive; passed
182
individual species develop different strategies for dealing with same fitness related problem
common adaptation
183
