Exam 1 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
What is the linear model of communication?
A
It has a sender, message, and receiver
2
Q
What is the interactional model of communication?
A
It has a sender, message, receiver, and feedback/response
3
Q
What is the transactional model of communication?
A
It has a sender, message, receiver, feedback/response, constant loop, multiple channels, noise, field of experience, and context
4
Q
What is the definition of communication?
A
The process of creating meaning through symbolic interaction
5
Q
What are the 6 types of communication?
A
- intrapersonal
- interpersonal
- small group
- organizational
- public
- mass communication
6
Q
What are the elements of communication?
A
- senders
- receivers
- messages
- channels
- noise
- context
- feedback
- effect
7
Q
Explain the four types of noise
A
- physical: external noises
- physiological: biological barrier, like hearing loss
- psychological: mental barrier, like bias
- semantic: each person assigning a different meaning to the same message
8
Q
What are the principles of communication?
A
- dynamic
- does not always require complete understanding
- unrepeatable and irreversible
- no opposite
- affected by culture
- influenced by ethics
- competence based
- transformed by media/technology
9
Q
What are four functions of communication?
A
- physical: mental and physical health
- identity: relationships with others shape who we are
- social: pleasure, control, affection
- practical: work, relationships, persuasion
10
Q
How do social media and face-to-face communication differ?
A
Social media: less formal, no nonverbal cues
Face to face: rich conversation, transitory
11
Q
What is the definition of self-concept?
A
Relatively stable perception people have of themselves
12
Q
What is the definition of self image?
A
Who you perceive yourself to be
13
Q
What is the definition of self esteem?
A
How well you like/value yourself
14
Q
What is the definition of self awareness?
A
Ability to reflect on and monitor one’s own behavior
15
Q
What is the looking-glass self?
A
Others reveal an image of yourself through their behaviors
16
Q
What are social comparisons?
A
Pygmalion effect: a principle that we fulfill the expectations of others
17
Q
What are attachment styles?
A
How parents treat their children
18
Q
What are the four attachment styles?
A
Secure, dismissive, anxious-resistent, and fearful
19
Q
What is the definition of self-fulfilling prophecy?
A
Prediction/expectation that comes true simply because one acts like it is true/will come true (manifesting)
20
Q
What are the four aspects of the Johari window?
A
- open: info we know and others know
- blind: info we don’t know about ourself but others do know
- hidden: info we know but others don’t
- unknown: no one knows
21
Q
What is the definition of impression management?
A
Strategies used by communicators to influence the way others view them
22
Q
What is the definition of self-enhancement?
A
Strategy used to manage the impressions others have of one’s self by bolstering one’s image
23
Q
What is the definition of front stage behavior?
A
What we show others, may not be true personalities
24
Q
What is the definition of face?
A
Socially approved identity that a communicator tries to present
25
What are the three tips to managing self on social media?
Be authentic, moderate use, be positive
26
What is the definition of perception?
Process by which we make sense out of an experience
27
What is the definition of selective perception?
Means of interpreting experience in a way that conform to one’s beliefs, expectations, and convictions
28
What are the three stages in the selection process?
Selection, organization, interpretation
29
What is the definition of the figure-ground principle?
Strategy to help organize stimuli around us by focusing on different stimuli alternatively
30
What is the definition of closure?
Means we used to perceive a complete world
31
What is the definition of contrast?
Being very different in appearance
32
What is the definition of constructivism?
Theory that explains how we organize and interpret experiences by applying cognitive structures called schemata
33
What is the definition of schemata?
Organized knowledge structures
34
What is the definition of selective exposure?
Tendency to expose oneself to info that reinforces thinking
35
What is the definition of the halo effect?
When we like/love someone we tend to perceive primarily their positive qualities
36
What is the definition of the horn effect?
When our perception of another changes for the worst, we are more likely to see only their negative qualities
37
What is the definition of primacy/regency?
Ability of one’s first impressions to color later impressions
38
What is the definition of stereotypes?
Generalization about people, places, and events held by many people in a society
39
What is the definition of allness?
Incorrect belief that any one person can know all there is to know about anything
40
What is the definition of blindering?
Process where one unconsciously adds restrictions that limits one’s capabilities
41
What is the definition of self-serving bias?
Tendency to interpret and explain info in a way that casts us in the most favorable manner
42
What is the definition of co-culture?
Members of the same general culture that differ in some ethnic or sociological way from parent culture
43
What is the definition of culture?
Language, values, beliefs, tradition, and customs that people share and learn
44
What is the definition of intercultural communication?
Interaction with individuals from different cultures
45
What is the definition of enculturation?
You learn the culture you were born into
46
What is the definition of acculturation?
You learn a culture that is different than your own
47
What are the variables that affect how quickly we learn a new culture?
- similarity of cultures
- age
- education
- risk taker
- open minded
- familiarity with the culture
48
What three strategies do people use to adjust to a new culture?
Assimilation, accommodation, and separation
49
What is the definition of ethnocentrism?
Evaluation of other cultures according to one’s preconceptions
50
What is the definition of cultural relativism?
Position that there is no universal standard to measure cultures
51
What are the four stages in culture shock?
Honeymoon, crisis, recovery, and adjustment
52
What is the definition of cultural dialects?
Subgroups of language in one location, how people speak (accents)
53
What is the definition of individualism?
Focus on individual, “I” mentality, autonomy, low context
54
What is the definition of collectivism?
Focus on welfare of the group, “we” mentality, tradition/duty, high context
55
What is the definition of language?
Collection of symbols, governed by rules, used to convey messages
56
What is the definition of denotative meanings?
Dictionary definition
57
What is the definition of connotative meanings?
Subjective definition, one’s personal meaning of a word
58
What is the definition of snarl words?
Highly negative connotation
59
What is the definition of purr words?
Highly positive connotation
60
How are meanings of words and phrases within people?
One person can have different meanings for words with different groups of people
61
What is the definition of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Labels we use help shape the way we think, our worldview, and behavior
62
What is the definition of linguistic relativism?
Language influences the way we experience the world
63
What is the definition of euphemisms?
Word to substitute a harsher word
64
What is the definition of qualifiers?
Word/phrase to attribute a quality to another word (adjective)
65
What is the definition of tag questions?
Question put on the end of a statement (it’s nice out, isn’t it?)
66
What is the definition of disclaimer?
Statement that denies responsibility
67
What is the definition of convergence?
Accommodating one’s speaking style to another person
68
What are the functions of nonverbal communication?
- reinforcement/repetition
- contradiction
- substitution
- complementation
- accentuation/intensification
- regulation
- deception
69
What is the definition of hearing?
Involuntary, sound goes in and out, no comprehension
70
What is the definition of listening?
Deliberate, receiving and understanding info
71
At what efficiency rate do we listen?
25%
72
What are the five types of listening?
- task oriented: complete job/make decision
- relational: build closeness
- analytical: understand message prior to evaluation
- critical: determine accuracy
- appreciative: pleasure/relaxation
73
What are the five steps in the model of listening?
Hearing, attending, understanding, responding, and remembering
74
What factors might lead to poor listening?
- message overload
- rapid thought
- psychological noise
- physical noise
- hearing problems
- cultural differences
- media influences
75
What is the definition of red flag words?
Trigger emotional deafness, dropping listening to zero
76
What is the definition of speech-thought differential?
Difference between speaking and thinking rates (speaking= 125-150 wpm, thinking= 500 wpm)
77
What is the definition of pseudo listeners?
Pretending to listen
78
What is the definition of stage hog?
Talking instead of listening
79
What is the definition of completers?
Gap filler
80
What is the definition of selective listening?
Focusing on certain parts of the message
81
What is the definition of insulated listening?
Like wearing earmuffs
82
What is the definition of defensive listening?
Perceiving the message as hostile
83
What is the definition of ambusher?
Listening for error to attack
84
What is the definition of insensitive listening?
Not paying attention to emotion, only the words
85
What are the four types of social support?
- emotional: expression of empathy, love, trust, and caring
- instrumental: aid and services
- informational: advice, suggestions, and info
- appraisal: info that is useful for self evaluation
86
What is the definition of non-verbal communication?
Messages expressed through non-linguistic means
87
What percentage of social meaning in a message is attributed to nonverbal communication?
65%
88
What is the definition of kinesics?
Facial expressions, posture, and gestures
89
What is the definition of paralanguage?
Voice, pitch, volume, rate, disfluencies, and silence
90
What is the definition of appearance?
Physical attractiveness, clothing, personal adornments, and influences first impressions
91
What is the definition of haptics?
Touch
92
What is the definition of proxemics?
Space and/or distance
93
What is the definition of chronemics?
Time and/or meaning of time
94
What are the four types of distance?
- intimate (0-18 in)
- personal (18 in-4 ft)
- social (4-12 ft)
- public (12 ft to limit of sight)
95
What are the three types of territory?
- primary: area that is yours alone
- secondary: area associated with you, not owned by you
- public: area used by all people
96
What is the definition of monochronic?
Punctuality and schedules
97
What is the definition of polychronic?
Flexibility and pursuing multiple tasks at once
98
What is the definition of expectancy violation theory?
Communicators have expectations about nonverbal behavior, positive violations produce favorable communication outcomes, negative violations produce non-favorable outcomes
