Exam 1

Question 1

According to the class lecture, what percentage of the US population is Hispanics?

Answer 1

18.7%

Question 2

According to the class lecture, what percentage of the US population is Asian Americans?

Answer 2

6.0%

Question 3

How many % of the U.S. population is Jewish?

Answer 3

2%

Question 4

Joe, a white man, works at a restaurant. He does not have negative feeling toward black people. But a restaurant manager ordered his employees to refuse to serve black customers, and Joe followed the order because he needed this job. Sociologically, Joe is an example of:

Answer 4

Fair-weather friend

Question 5

5. In an article “Getting Under My Skin” (How Race is Lived in America, Article #15), Don Terry, who had a black father and a white mother, started taking a course on black nationalism to learn more about his heritage. This best describes which of William Cross’s four stages of racial identity development?

Answer 5

Immersion

Question 6

Because our ability to process information is limited, we tend to use categories and oversimplify the available information about ethnic groups, which leads to biased judgments. According to the class lecture, this theory of prejudice is called:

Answer 6

Cognitive theory

Question 7

Which of the following descriptions about Irish and Italian immigrants is correct?

Answer 7

The Irish came to the U.S. with the intention to stay permanently, while most Italians came without such a commitment

Question 8

The period of “Old Immigration” is characterized by the immigration of which ethnic group?

Answer 8

Irish

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT among social contexts that facilitated the inclusion of new immigrants into a white identity, according to the class lecture?

Answer 9

Relative satisfaction

Question 10

Which amendment officially proclaimed the equal protection of the laws in the United States

Answer 10

14th Amendment

Question 11

Segregation by law such as Jim Crow System of Segregation is called:

Answer 11

De jure segregation

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the Gentleman’s Agreement of 1907?

Answer 12

Japan and the U.S. reached an agreement that while the U.S. would end discrimination against Japanese Americans, Japan would stop the flow of Japanese immigration to the United States.

Question 13

Why are Asian Americans labeled as “a model minority”?

Answer 13

Because they attained educational and economic success similar to the level of non-Hispanic whites.

Question 14

True or False
Sociologically speaking, a group with the largest number of members in a society is a “majority group.”

Answer 14

False

Question 15

True or False
A person who discriminates a certain group of people always has prejudice against them.

Answer 15

False

Question 16

True or False
The 1965 immigration Act established an unequal quota system based on national origins.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

The number of slaves peaked 1830 with 3.9 million, and then decreased gradually down to 2 million in 1860.

Answer 17

False

Question 18

A program of intergroup education through the use of films, novels and TV shows that present the members of different groups in a positive way is called________ [Note that “educational approach” is not acceptable for this blank. Name a specific type of educational approach as introduced in class.]

Answer 18

Vicarious Experience Approach

Question 19

A ranking of an individual’s various social identities in order of their importance is called_______

Answer 19

Identity Salience Hierarchy

Question 20

Established practices (such as standardized tests) that result in unequal treatment of a certain category of people without conscious bigotry are sociologically called_______

Answer 20

Institutionalized discrimination

Question 21

According to the lecture,
________ is a term that signifies the robust presence of five major panethnic categories (whites, blacks, Hispanics, Asian Americans, Native Americans) in the U.S.

Answer 21

Ethnoracial pentagon

Question 22

The U.S. Supreme Court decision of_______ in 1967 ruled that the legal ban on interracial marriage was unconstitutional.

Answer 22

Loving v. Virginia

Question 23

On the issues of interracial dating and marriage, it is often the case that people approve interracial relationships in surveys,
but disapproves when their family members actually date or marry interracially.
According to the class lecture, this gap is sociologically conceptualized as_______

Answer 23

Disconnected approval

Question 24

According to the class lecture,_______ is a system of penal labor practiced in the South from 1865 to 1928 which provided prisoner labor to private parties.

Answer 24

Convict leasing

Question 25

Attitudes or judgments (usually negative) about an entire category of people Example: all Asian people are good at math, not true, Tamura is not

Answer 25

Prejudice

Question 26

actions that treat categories of people unequally

Answer 26

Discrimination

Question 27

acts by individuals that harm others or property

Answer 27

Individual discrimination

Question 28

an ethnic category that contains multiple ethnic identities Example: Asian Americans

Answer 28

Pan-ethnicity

Question 29

Primordialist (Essentialist) View

Answer 29

Race and ethnicity are determined by birth and unchangeable

Question 30

Constructionist View

Answer 30

Race and ethnicity are situationally created or imposed, and thus changeable

Question 31

Instrumentalist View

Answer 31

Race and ethnicity are created and utilized strategically based on cost/benefit analysis

Question 32

Stages of Racial Identity Development

Answer 32

Pre-encounter Encounter: Racial incidents (action,oral), tends to occur at schools; anger characterizes this stage Immersion: Characterized by a strong desire to learn about one’s own history and to surround oneself with those who share it Internalization: Characterized by a sense of security about one’s racial identity

Question 33

What are the relationships between prejudice and discrimination?

Answer 33

Bigot = prejudice & discriminatory Timid bigot = prejudice Fair weather friend = discriminatory Friend = neither

Question 34

Why do people have racial and ethnic prejudice?

Answer 34

Cognitive theory = categorization, the aggrandizement of difference Social learning theory = socialization Conflict theory = competition, exploitation

Question 35

a stereotype held among a group of people that another group of people have a stereotype about them

Answer 35

Meta-stereotype

Question 36

People are more likely to approve interracial conditions in general, while they tend to disapprove if it takes place within their own family (or affects their own family)

Answer 36

Disconnected approval

Question 37

a widely held, overgeneralized, and oversimplified idea about a particular category of people

Answer 37

Stereotype

Question 38

“The more education people receive, the less likely they are to accept ethnic stereotypes”

Answer 38

Cognitive Approach

Question 39

Contact hypothesis: “contact, particularly close and sustained contact, with members of different racial and ethnic groups promotes positive, tolerant attitudes toward those groups”

Answer 39

Intergroup contact

Question 40

Colonial Immigration

Answer 40

(17th-early 19th cent.) Overwhelmingly English, Dutch, German Conflict between English and German 1790: US population was 4 million (1930: approx 123 million)

Question 41

Old Immigration

Answer 41

(1820-1890) Still from Northern and Western Europe English, German: continuously migrated Irish: increasing especially since the 1840s

Question 42

New Immigration

Answer 42

(1890-1914[1929?]) Almost 70% of immigrants were from Southern and Eastern Europe 1896, # of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe exceeded over Northern and Western Europe

Question 43

Hiatus

Answer 43

Between 1930 and 1965, immigration into the U.S. declined significantly

Question 44

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 44

1882

Question 45

Gentlemen’s Agreement

Answer 45

1907 - no more Japanese immigrants

Question 46

Immigration Act of 1924

Answer 46

(National Origins Quota Act) = specific number assigned to each county will accept that many immigrants each year, an unequal number

Question 47

Number of enslaved people in 1790:

Answer 47

700,000

Question 48

Number of enslaved people in 1830:

Answer 48

2 million

Question 49

Number of enslaved people in 1860:

Answer 49

3.9 million

Question 50

Bloc voting

Answer 50

led by local leaders, Irish people voted for candidates who were more understanding about their life experiences

Question 51

13th Amendment

Answer 51

The Abolition of Slavery - 1865

Question 52

14th Amendment

Answer 52

The Equal Protection of the Laws - 1868

Question 53

15th Amendment

Answer 53

The Right to Vote - 1870

Question 54

What was the problem of the 13th Amendment that led to continuous exploitation of Black people during late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Answer 54

This amendment left room for the continuation of slavery. All the authority had to do was create the legal codes to criminalize them. And once convicted, those “criminals” were placed into Convict Leasing System.

Question 55

What were the effects of the Great Migration of Black people to the north?

Answer 55

- With Jim Crow system of segregation and continuing “slavery by another name”, it is not surprising that many Black people felt hopeless in the South - During this “great migration”, six million Black people migrated from the South to the North - It led to heightened competition and conflict between races in the North

Question 56

Compromise of 1877

Answer 56

the end, created compromise decision that republican candidate gets white house but northern troops are removed from southern states and returns southern control to segregationists, then became more expansive after that With the removal of northern troops, the southern states were left in the hands of former Confederates More and more Jim Crow codes were adopted and implemented in the South

Question 57

Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 57

1896 The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed racial segregation as constitutional, if equal facilities were provided. Thus, the doctrine of “Separate but Equal” became the law of the land. Of course, “separate” was never “equal.”

Question 58

Immigration Act of 1965

Answer 58

‘first come first serve’ basis became eliminated

Question 59

Model minority

Answer 59

concept that signifies the minority group’s high educational and economic achievement

Question 60

What effect did their perceived (and more or less real) success have on 1) Asian Americans in general and 2) on other minorities?

Answer 60

Many Asian Americans do not fit into this stereotype. This concept is used to deny the significance of structural racism in the U.S. “Asian Americans can achieve in the U.S., so why can’t Black people? Certainly, that’s not because of racism today.” This type of rhetoric is constructed and expressed. Consequences = Prejudice about Asians Prejudice about other minorities

Question 61

What are some characteristics of the Irish Americans that facilitated a high level of assimilation into the United States?

Answer 61

Their immigration was not forced (opportunity structure) Their familiarity with Anglo-Saxon culture, including language (imposed upon them under the British rule) Relative Satisfaction Many were destitute in Ireland, so the bottom is still better in the US (not too much threat to the dominant group) Permanent commitment: Irish immigrants came as a family, with an intent to stay in this country Emphasis on their whiteness: The Irish emphasized how similar they were to white people and how different they were from black people They were loud and demanding Also, two social contexts of 19th century were significant for Irish Americans to achieve advancement Political mobilization Bloc voting: led by local leaders, Irish people voted for candidates who were more understanding about their life experiences Convince, then entire flock or community vote for that candidate, their kind, can’t ignore if they are the ones of the district Industrialization The US economy was expanding in the 19th century due to industrialization, and the opportunities for upward mobility were abundant

Question 62

How do the characteristics of the Italian immigration compare with those of the Irish?

Answer 62

(Similarity) Not forced migration Relative satisfaction Most were unskilled laborers or peasants Mobilization of ethnic network politically and economically (Difference) The level of familiarity with Anglo-Saxon culture, especially language Most came without permanent commitment, thus influencing the willingness to assimilate, the choice of occupations and the educational achievement motivation More negative reactions “Guinea” label, “white Chinese”, “mafie” image (viewed as possessing criminal mind)

Question 63

The five central arguments of this book:

Answer 63

1. the idea of race was invented 2. Human biological variation is real, obvious, wonderful, and necessary 3. The idea of race does not explain human variation 4. Race is both stable and protean 5. We own the future of race

Question 64

Loving v. Virginia (1967)

Answer 64

Background: In 1883, the US Supreme Court ruled that Alabama’s anti-miscegenation law was constitutional because it punished Black people and white people equally Case: In 1967, in a unanimous decision, the justices found that Virginia’s ban on interracial marriage violated the 14th Amendment to the Constitution

Question 65

Du Bois’ explanation of the origin and usefulness of racial whiteness

Answer 65

Neither natural nor a foregone cultural conclusion in the United States, even in the context of slavery. Instead, whiteness defined through European ancestry was a calculated racial solution developed by colonial leaders to control the economic and physical threat of laboring-class solidarity. (Marxian view of racial whiteness Racial whiteness is not biological or cultural “A calculated solution to the physical and economic threat of laboring-class solidarity” By creating racial solidarity along racial lines, the powerful white people prevented the white working class to develop solidarity with Black people)

Question 66

US population

Answer 66

336 million

Question 67

% of US population that's Native American

Answer 67

1.1%

Question 68

% of US population that's non-hispanic white

Answer 68

57.8%

Question 69

% of the US population that's African American

Answer 69

12.4%

Question 70

In 1860 (right before the civil war, what % of the Black population was free?

Answer 70

11%