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BSCI 330 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

Review exam 1 content

1
Q

What makes a good model eukaryote?

A

Genome Sequenced
Developmental Sequence known
Site and tissue specific mutagenesis possible
Expression of multiple genes can be tracked across many cells

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2
Q

Cell Theory

A

Idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure/function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

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3
Q

Light microscope

A

instrument with lenses that bend visible light to magnify images of specimens.

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4
Q

limitation of light microscope

A

resolution = .20 micrometer

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5
Q

Resolution

A

ability to distinguish two subjects as separate.

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6
Q

Magnification

A

Increase an objects size by using lenses.

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7
Q

Detection

A

Ability to determine the presence of the object.

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8
Q

Fluorescence microscopy

A

chemical dyes producing color by observing specific wavelengths and emitting others that can be seen through barrier filters.

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9
Q

Confocal microscopy

A

Uses scanning laser light through a pinhole to illuminate fluorescently labeled sample.

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10
Q

Electron microscope

A

Forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto specimens.

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11
Q

special preservation for cell before electron microscopy

A

Fixation is required first of the cell
Sliced into thin sections

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12
Q

why are staining techniques required for electron microscope.

A

Electron dense materials used to stain cells
Lot of dense = more reflective to light

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13
Q

Scanning electron microscopy

A

Images of outside surface of cell (only staining)

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14
Q

Transmission electron microscopy

A

Images internal structures of cell (only sectioning)

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15
Q

Flow cytometry

A

uses fluorescent labels to measure specific levels of biomolecules/ions and sort cells base on expression of the levels of fluorescent data

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16
Q

Phase contrast microscope

A

light microscope that enhances contrast
most useful in examining living unstained cells

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17
Q

what are the small carbons molecules that form the cell

A

sugars
amino acids
nucleotides
fatty acids

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18
Q

Larger units of the carbon molecules

A

Polysaccharides from sugars
Fats, lipids, and membranes from fatty acids
Proteins from amino acids
Nucleic acids from nucleotides

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19
Q

What are polymers?

A

Linkage of multiple monomers

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20
Q

What reactions form monomers?

A

Dehydration reactions = loss of water from the reacting molecule

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21
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Are sugar molecules made from monomers
chemical nature = polar

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22
Q

What is alpha sugar linkage?

A

Position of the OH on the C1 carbon group is below the ring

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23
Q

What is a beta sugar linkage?

A

Position of the OH on the C1 Carbon group is above the ring

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24
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fatty and oil components that are double in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents

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25
Q

What is the function of the lipid?

A

Apart if cell membrane and help control what goes in or out of the cell
Storage and move energy
Membrane barriers

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26
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates

A

They are use as a energy source, structural support and binding surface for the cell

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27
Q

What is the chemical nature of lipids?

A

Amphipathic
Contains both a polar (water soluble) and nonpolar (not water soluble) portions within its structure

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28
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

A type of lipid
Molecules that form the cell membrane

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29
Q

Function and purpose of phospholipids?

A

Forming permeability of the cell membrane
Preventing accumulation of fats in the liver
Removal of cholesterol in the cells

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30
Q

What are amino acids?

A

The building blocks of proteins

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31
Q

What are proteins?

A

Long chain molecules made from multiple amino acids

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32
Q

Chemical structure of amino acids?

A

Varies by the R group

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33
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Build and repair body tissue
Structural support of the cell

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33
Q

Negatively Charged/ Acidic amino acids

A

Acidic = Ph level is very low (Aspartate, Glutamate)

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33
Q

positively charged/ Basic amino acids

A

Ph level is very high (histidine, Lysine, Arginine) positively charged

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34
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Made from nucleic acids and are short term energy carriers

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35
Q

What is the chemical structure of nucleotides?

A

Base group (nitrogenous base)
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate group

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36
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Chain of nucleotides which stores genetic information for the cell

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37
Q

Functions of nucleotides?

A

Serve as basic structural for DNA or RNA

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38
Q

Functions of nucleic acids?

A

Storage and expression of genetic information within the cell

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39
Q

How is ATP related to nucleotides?

A

Nucleotides carry ATP and it is negatively charged

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40
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be destroyed or created only converted into one form to another

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41
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

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42
Q

What is entropy?

A

The amount of disorder in a system

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43
Q

How is entropy related to cells?

A

Cells are highly ordered and have to perform processes to maintain that order resulting in the increase of entropy

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44
Q

What is spontaneous in terms of a reaction?

A

Reaction that happens without any supply of energy

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45
Q

Why are cells not isolated systems?

A

Able to exchange energy with their environment

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46
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Combination of lipids and proteins that form a cellular boundary between the cells inside contents and the outside of the cell

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47
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Regulates the materials that enter or exit the cell
Protect the cell from its surrounding environment

48
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Lipid bilayer
Protein molecule
Lipid molecule

49
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Is it a type of lipid that has two parts
Glycerol backbone (polar)
Fatty acid tails (non polar)

50
Q

Why are phospholipids amphiphilic?

A

They have a hydrophilic head (watering loving)
They have hydrophobic fatty acid tails (water fearing)

51
Q

describe the nonpolar tails of the phospholipid membrane

A

(1) saturated [no c=c] tightly packed

(2) unsaturated [cis c=c] prevents tight

52
Q

Why are phospholipids being amphiphilic important for cell membrane development?

A

Help cell membranes and surrounding organelles to be flexible and not stiff

53
Q

What are sterols?

A

Hydrophobic carbon ringed lipid molecules

54
Q

animal sterol

A

cholesterol

55
Q

plant sterol

A

phytosterol

56
Q

fungi sterol

A

ergosterol

57
Q

What is the function of sterols in the plasma membrane?

A

Alter membrane fluidity and structure

58
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

Structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer

59
Q

What feature allows phospholipids to self assemble into lipid bilayer membrane?

A

amphiphilic nature
-polar heads associate w h20 on outside
-hydrocarbon tails associate w one another on inside

60
Q

What is the function of the bilayers for the cell membrane?

A

Acts like barrier that keeps molecules such as proteins where they needed and prevents them from moving into area they should not be at

61
Q

How do we get membranes to form into spheres

A

edges exposed to water and fold into each other to avoid contact w water. spontaneous.

62
Q

what are the two halves of the phospholipid bilayer called

A

leaflets

63
Q

How do lipid bilayers allow lateral diffusion?

A

Only allows nonpolar molecules into the cell since it is amphiphilic
Molecules moving from high concentration to lower concentration region

64
Q

How is a symmetric membrane converted into an asymmetric one?

A

When the inner and outer leaflets have different molecular structure

65
Q

How might the asymmetric distribution of lipids in the plasma membrane contribute to its function?

A

Needed for signal transduction (transferring signal through the cell)
What are leaflets of the plasma membrane?

66
Q

What are lipid rafts?

A

Microdomains in the cell membrane that has high concentrations of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids for signal transduction

67
Q

Where are the proteins located in the cell membrane?

A

Are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

68
Q

types of proteins in the cell membrane?

A

Peripheral proteins = bound to membrane surface
Integral proteins = inserted into membrane interior (transmembrane protein)

69
Q

What important functions do proteins provide to the cell membrane?

A

Transport of molecules
Signal transduction
Cell - cell recognition

70
Q

What is a transmembrane region within a cell membrane?

A

Are the pores within a lipid bilayer
Formed by proteins that run across the membrane

71
Q

What functions do integral membrane proteins do?

A

Attach the protein to a membrane
Transport molecules across the cell
Carriers through the membrane

72
Q

How do phospholipids contribute to the making of liposomes?

A

When phospholipids are in water spherical vesicles (liposomes) assemble spontaneously

73
Q

How do black membranes form?

A

A hole in a partition between two aqueous compartments

74
Q

What is the plant cell wall?

A

A outer ridge semi elastic supportive and protective layer

75
Q

what is the plant cell wall made of?

A

carbohydrates

76
Q

What are the polymers of the plant cell wall?

A

cellulose
pectin
lignin
protein/glycoproteins
cross linking glycans

77
Q

function of cellulose in the plant cell wall

A

Polysaccharide of glucose that forms plant’s cell walls and provides tensile strength (resistance to material breaking due to tension)

78
Q

function of Pectin in the plant cell wall

A

Provides resistance to compression
Provides strength, flexibility to the cell wall

79
Q

function of Lignin in the plant cell wall

A

that hardens cell walls of some vascular tissues in plants
reinforces secondary cell walls

80
Q

function of protein/glycoproteins in the plant cell wall

A

Responsible for wall turnover
Responsible for wall remodeling

81
Q

function of Cross linking Glycans in plant cell walls

A

Assist in folding and trafficking of proteins

82
Q

What is the function of the plant cell wall?

A

Supports and protects interior structures and organelle of the cell

83
Q

turgor pressure

A

the pressure that is exerted on the inside of cell walls and that is caused by the movement of water into the cell

84
Q

Why is it important for the cell to produce turgor pressure?

A

Rigidity provides expansion during cell growth

85
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

A double membrane structure that contains genetic material of DNA for the cell

86
Q

what is the nuclear membrane

A

controls what goes in and out of the nucleus

87
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Responsible for storing cells genetic material of DNA

88
Q

What is a nuclear lamina?

A

a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

89
Q

What is the function of the nuclear lamina?

A

Regulates DNA replication and cell division

90
Q

How does the nuclear lamina relate to the nucleus?

A

It provides structural support to the nucleus

91
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Openings in the nuclear envelope

92
Q

What are the components of nuclear poles?

A

Consists of proteins known as nucleoporins

93
Q

What is the function of nuclear pores?

A

Facilitate communication between the nucleus and cytoplasm

94
Q

what is a chromatin

A

Genetic information composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes
highly dynamic (DNA condenses/decondenses)

95
Q

What is the chromatin function?

A

What is the chromatin function?

96
Q

What are histones and how are they formed?

A

Proteins that are associated with DNA in the nucleus and help condense it into a chromatin
Composed of a tail and an amino acid chain

97
Q

What are the functions of histones?

A

Organize DNA within the cell nucleus by packaging it into compacted structures (nucleosomes)

98
Q

What are nucleosomes?

A

DNA around a core of histone proteins

99
Q

What are the structures of chromatin?

A

Heterochromatin
Highly condensed
DNA is resistant to gene expression
Euchromatin
Less condensed
Accessible to RNA transcription

100
Q

origin of replication

A

Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins,

101
Q

Why is chromatin important for cell development?

A

Can unwind for DNA replication and transcription

102
Q

What are the different modifications histones go through?

A

Acetylation - adding or getting rid of acetyl groups, opening the chromatin
Methylation - addition of methyl groups to histones, causing a more compacted chromatin

103
Q

what are the various modifications to lysine?

A
  1. acetylate= eliminate + charge => neutral
  2. methylate= masks charge => “less + charge”
  3. phosphorylate serine = adds - charge
104
Q

How do histone modifications affect/regulate the chromatin structure?

A

They control the access of proteins to the DNA regions resulting in regulation of chromatin structure

105
Q

How does histone modification play a role in cell development?

A

Are responsible for gene regulation during cell development

106
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

The organelles that produce ATP and the main energy molecule for the cell

107
Q

What are the components of the mitochondria?

A

Outer membrane -
Encloses the organelle
Contains many porins (channel proteins =
transmembrane protein)
Allow chemicals mitochondria needs to pass
through the organelle
Inner membrane -
Folded inner membrane
The folds of the inner membrane are called
cristae
The folds are where the reactions creating
energy take place
Cardiolipin = special type of lipid
Helps from the inner wall of the structure
Stabilizing the supramolecular structure of
large membrane proteins, like ATP synthases
Site of electron transport chain
Intermembrane space -
The space between the membranes
Regulate programmed cell death
Matrix -
Site of oxidative metabolism
Contains DNA ribosomes and other
components for expression of the
mitochondrial genome

108
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Generate majority of the ATP for the cell and the energy currency for the cell

109
Q

what are ribosomes and the functions

A

site of protein synthesis
production of protein for the cell

110
Q

How is it associated with the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum has a rough section where many ribosomes, which is the location of protein production.

111
Q

How is the mitochondria inherited?

A

Only from the mother

112
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum and the function

A

Membrane organelle that extends throughout the cytoplasm
Storage site for calcium ions needed for cellular signaling
Produces, packages, and secretes many products of the cell (proteins + lipids)

113
Q

what is the structure of the ER

A

Rough ER - because of its appearance
Connected flattened sacs having ribosomes
on its outer surface
Proteins modified by oligosaccharide
(carbohydrate)
Attachment of protein with oligosaccharide
= N linked glycosylation
Responsibilities
Site for synthesis of transmembrane
Making sure there is correct protein folding
(use of the N linked glycosylation)
Protein sorting
Smooth ER - because it has a smooth like appearance
Does not have any ribosomes
Responsibilities
Synthesis of lipids - phospholipids +
cholesterol
Production of steroid hormones

114
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus and its function

A

Membrane bounded organelle made up of a series of flattened discs (cisternae)

Central sorting station for proteins and membranes along the secretory pathway
Synthesis site for most cellular carbohydrates

Protein modifications -
1) N linked oligosaccharides trimmed and
processed by addition of other sugars which
leads to complex oligosaccharides + high
mannose oligosaccharides
2) Some proteins have carbohydrates added to the hydroxyl group of serine/threonine = O linked glycosylation

115
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A
  1. cytoplasm
  2. mitochondria
  3. chloroplasts
116
Q

what is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Flattened sacs (cisternae)
1) Cis face - closets to the ER
Receives vesicles containing ER synthesized proteins
2)Trans face - Furthest from the ER
Exit from the golgi apparatus

117
Q

the golgi apparatus is a synthesis site for what metabolic structure

A

carbohydrates

118
Q

what is the function of flippase?

A

generate asymmetry in the plasma membrane

119
Q

what is the function of scramblase ?

A

generate symmetry in ER

BSCI 330 (1 decks)

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