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Ichthyology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(111 cards)

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1
Q

6 Characteristics of fish

A
  1. Typically have crania/backbones
  2. Live in water
  3. Have gills they use
  4. Have fins
  5. Cold-blooded
  6. Have scales or dermal armor
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2
Q

Superclasses of fish

A
  1. Agnatha
  2. Gnathostomata
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3
Q

Classes in Gnathostomata

A
  1. Chondrichthyes
  2. Osteichthyes
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4
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous, sharks, rays, chimeras (~1100 species, 500 shark/600 ray)

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5
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony fishes (~30,000 species)

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6
Q

How many species of Agnatha?

A

~38 lamprey
~76 hagfish

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7
Q

Notochord for each class

A

Agnathan- unconstricted
Chondrichthyes- constricted
Osteichthyes- constricted

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8
Q

Jaws for each class

A

Agnathan- absent
Chondrichthyes- present
Osteichthyes- present

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9
Q

Vertebrae for each class

A

Agnathan- cartilaginous or fibrous
Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous
Osteichthyes- ossified

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10
Q

Ears for each class

A

Agnathan- 1-2 (semicircular canals)
Chondrichthyes- 3
Osteichthyes- 3

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11
Q

Gill arches for each class

A

Agnathan- None
Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous
Osteichthyes- ossified

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12
Q

Paired fins for each class

A

Agnathan- absent
Chondrichthyes- present
Osteichthyes- present

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13
Q

Nostrils for each class

A

Agnathan- monorhinous
Chondrichthyes- dirhinous
Osteichthyes- dirhinous

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14
Q

Types of body shapes (8)

A

-Fusiform
-Compressiform
-Depressiform
-Anguilliform
-Sagittiform
-Filiform
-Taeniform
-Globiform

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15
Q

Fusiform

A

-Fast swimming, open water
-10% hunting success
-Narrow caudal peduncle
-Tuna, trout, bass

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16
Q

Compressiform

A

-Burst swimmers
-40-50% hunting success
-Taller than wide (laterally compressed)
-Sunfish, snapper, flounder

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17
Q

Depressiform

A

-Bottom dwellers
-Wider than tall (dorso-ventrally compressed)
-Sharks, skates, rays, catfish

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18
Q

Anguilliform

A

-Eel-like
-Hide in cracks/crevices

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19
Q

Sagittiform

A

-Arrow shaped
-Lie-in-wait predators
-80-90% hunting success
-Large caudal fin
-Pikes, gar, musekellunge

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20
Q

Filiform

A

-Thread shaped
-Snipe eels

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21
Q

Taeniform

A

-Ribbon shaped
-Gunnels

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22
Q

Globiform

A

-Rotund
-Puffer fish

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23
Q

Pelvic fins

A

-Most variable
-Bottom of fish
-Abdominal (middle) ancestral bony fishes/sharks
-Thoracis (front) derived

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24
Q

Caudal fins

A

-Tail
-Heterocercal or homocercal

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25
Heterocercal
One part of the caudal fin is longer than the other
26
Homocercal
Symmetrical caudal fin
27
Shapes of caudal fins (5)
-Lunate -Forked -Emarginate -Truncate -Rounded
28
Lunate
-Moon shaped -Fast swimmers
29
Forked
-Y shaped -Sustained swimmers
30
Emarginate
-Barely Y-shaped, small divot -Slow, not sustained swimmer
31
Truncate
-Triangle shaped, flat base -Slow, not sustained swimmer
32
Rounded
-Rounded -Slow, not sustained swimmer
33
Aspect ratio formula
AR= (h^2)/(surface area)
34
Prominent eyes
-Diurnal -1/6-1/5 HL -Bass, sunfish, tuna
35
Eye measurement formula
Eye diameter/ head length
36
Large eyes
-Nocturnal -1/2-1/3 HL -Squirrelfish
37
Small eyes
-Non-sight predator -Reef shark, catfish
38
Hagfish vertebral column
Cartilaginous sheath at notochord
39
Lamprey vertebral column
Crude VC, catrilaginous
40
Two types of VC in chondrichthyes
-Elasmobranchs -Holocephalans
41
Elasmobranchs
-True vertebral column -Cartilaginous
42
Holocephalans
-True vertebral column -Cartilaginous -Partially ossified
43
Osteichthyes vertebral column
-True vertebral column -Ossified
44
Weberian Apparatus
-1st 4 vertebrae fuse together -Connects swimbladder to inner ear
45
Agnathan skull type
Cartilaginous trough
46
Chondrichthyes skull type
Simple chondrocranium (cartilaginous)
47
Osteichthyes skull type
Complex ossified skull
48
Neurocranium
Braincase
49
Operculum
Gill cover
50
Suspensorium
Connects neurocranium to jaws
51
Branchiohyoid apparatus
Floor mouth
52
Where are the majority of the muscles located
Body/caudal peduncle (for swimming)
53
How are muscles arranged?
In myomeres separated by connective tissue (1 myomere per vertebrae)
54
Red muscle
-Continuous swimming -Aerobic (high O2) -Slow twitch -High fat
55
Pink muscle
In between red and white muscle
56
White muscle
-Burst swimming -Anaerobic (low O2) -Fast twitch -Low fat
57
Types of swimming
-Anguilliform -Subcarangiform -Carangiform -Thunniform
58
Anguilliform swimming
-Eels -Snake like movement
59
Subcarangiform swimming
-Head moves and tail -Move to same side of midline
60
Carangiform swimming
-Head stays tight to midline -Tail movement
61
Thunniform swimming
-No head movement, only tail
62
Zygapophyses
Interlocked vertebrae
63
Adaptations to increase buoyancy
1. Incorporation of low-density compounds 2. External structures to generate lift 3. Reduction of heavy tissue 4. Gas filled swim bladder
64
Which class of fish have gas-filled swim bladders
Osteichthyes
65
Physostomous swim bladder
-Pneumatic duct connects to gut -Inflates by gulping air -Ancestral (herring, trout, pike, catfish)
66
Physoclistous swim bladder
-No pneumatic duct -Inflates by diffusion of gases from blood -Not dependent on surface -Slow to fill -Derived (bass, sunfish, perch)
67
Ancestral groups
Older
68
Derived groups
Younger
69
Thermoregulation: most fish are ____
Ectothermic (body temp depends on outside)
70
Behavioral thermoregulation
-Seeks desired temp -Heat loss in gills and skin -Most common
71
Physiological thermoregulation (endothermy)
-Heat generated by muscle activity -Metabolic cost -Improved muscle endurance
72
Counter current heat exchange
Retains heat generated by muscle activity
73
Cranial endothermy
-Eyes and brain -Heater organ
74
Systemic endothermy
-Specific regions of the body -Reduced thermal conductance
75
Whole-body endothermy
-Only in Opahs
76
Primary site of gas exchange
Gills
77
Gills consist of:
-Arches -Bone/cartilage -Paired filaments -Lamellae
78
Counter-current exchange
Blood (low O2) and water (high O2) flow in opposite directions in the gills
79
Modified Gills air breathing
-Thick and spaced lamellae -Branched gill arches -Require moisture -Support out of water
80
Skin air breathing
-Highly vascularized skin -Diffuse O2 across skin -Common in scaleless fish
81
Mouth air breathing
-Highly vascularized mouth -Lose gills
82
Gut air breathing
-Forcibly swallow air into gut -Specialized piece of gut allows gas exchange
83
Swim bladder air breathing
-Normal gill function -Breath surface air when O2 low
84
Lungs air breathing
-No gills -Breathe air at surface
85
Do fish have higher or lower blood volume than mammals?
lower
86
Indeterminate growth
Continual increase in length/volume throughout fishes lives
87
Archival growth measurement
-Multiple measurements over time -Controlled environment
88
Instantaneous growth measurement
-Radioactive uptake -RNA:DNA ratio
89
Controlled Environment growth measurement
-Monitored on periodic basis -Aquaculture, labs, etc -Growth rates as a function of a variable
90
Mark-recapture method
-Estimate growth rate between 1st and 2nd capture -Natural environment -Hard to recapture
91
Inner ear
-Sound reception -Balance/equilibrium
92
Lateral line
-Orientation -Avoiding obstacles -Forming schools
93
Otolith
Bony structure found in the inner ear that is used to measure age
94
Types of behaviors
-Migratory -Schooling -Communication
95
Migration
-Daily foraging and predator avoidance -Seasonal reproduction
96
Why seasonal reproduction in migration?
-Increased survival -Reduce competition -Avoid cannibalism
97
Schooling
-Social attraction -Usually one species -Uniform sizes
98
Reasons for schooling?
-Drafting -Confusion -Foraging -Reproduction
99
Carotenoids
-Source: food -Blue, yellow, green
100
Melanins
-Source: synthesized -Red, brown, black
101
Where are pigments concentrated
Chromatophores
102
Monophyletic groups
Pairs/groups of taxa defined by synapomorphies
103
Synapomorphies
Shared, derived characteristics
104
Detritivores
Eat organic matter
105
Herbivores
Eat plant matter
106
Planktivore
Eat plankton
107
Omnivore
Eats anything
108
Benthivore
Eat benthic organisms (sea urchin, crabs, sea stars, etc)
109
Carnivores
Eat other organisms
110
Piscivore
Eat other fishes
111
Spiral valve
-In the intestine -Increases surface area

Ichthyology (1 decks)

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