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Ichthyology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

6 Characteristics of fish

A
  1. Typically have crania/backbones
  2. Live in water
  3. Have gills they use
  4. Have fins
  5. Cold-blooded
  6. Have scales or dermal armor
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2
Q

Superclasses of fish

A
  1. Agnatha
  2. Gnathostomata
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3
Q

Classes in Gnathostomata

A
  1. Chondrichthyes
  2. Osteichthyes
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4
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous, sharks, rays, chimeras (~1100 species, 500 shark/600 ray)

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5
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony fishes (~30,000 species)

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6
Q

How many species of Agnatha?

A

~38 lamprey
~76 hagfish

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7
Q

Notochord for each class

A

Agnathan- unconstricted
Chondrichthyes- constricted
Osteichthyes- constricted

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8
Q

Jaws for each class

A

Agnathan- absent
Chondrichthyes- present
Osteichthyes- present

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9
Q

Vertebrae for each class

A

Agnathan- cartilaginous or fibrous
Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous
Osteichthyes- ossified

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10
Q

Ears for each class

A

Agnathan- 1-2 (semicircular canals)
Chondrichthyes- 3
Osteichthyes- 3

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11
Q

Gill arches for each class

A

Agnathan- None
Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous
Osteichthyes- ossified

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12
Q

Paired fins for each class

A

Agnathan- absent
Chondrichthyes- present
Osteichthyes- present

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13
Q

Nostrils for each class

A

Agnathan- monorhinous
Chondrichthyes- dirhinous
Osteichthyes- dirhinous

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14
Q

Types of body shapes (8)

A

-Fusiform
-Compressiform
-Depressiform
-Anguilliform
-Sagittiform
-Filiform
-Taeniform
-Globiform

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15
Q

Fusiform

A

-Fast swimming, open water
-10% hunting success
-Narrow caudal peduncle
-Tuna, trout, bass

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16
Q

Compressiform

A

-Burst swimmers
-40-50% hunting success
-Taller than wide (laterally compressed)
-Sunfish, snapper, flounder

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17
Q

Depressiform

A

-Bottom dwellers
-Wider than tall (dorso-ventrally compressed)
-Sharks, skates, rays, catfish

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18
Q

Anguilliform

A

-Eel-like
-Hide in cracks/crevices

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19
Q

Sagittiform

A

-Arrow shaped
-Lie-in-wait predators
-80-90% hunting success
-Large caudal fin
-Pikes, gar, musekellunge

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20
Q

Filiform

A

-Thread shaped
-Snipe eels

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21
Q

Taeniform

A

-Ribbon shaped
-Gunnels

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22
Q

Globiform

A

-Rotund
-Puffer fish

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23
Q

Pelvic fins

A

-Most variable
-Bottom of fish
-Abdominal (middle) ancestral bony fishes/sharks
-Thoracis (front) derived

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24
Q

Caudal fins

A

-Tail
-Heterocercal or homocercal

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25
Q

Heterocercal

A

One part of the caudal fin is longer than the other

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26
Q

Homocercal

A

Symmetrical caudal fin

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27
Q

Shapes of caudal fins (5)

A

-Lunate
-Forked
-Emarginate
-Truncate
-Rounded

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28
Q

Lunate

A

-Moon shaped
-Fast swimmers

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29
Q

Forked

A

-Y shaped
-Sustained swimmers

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30
Q

Emarginate

A

-Barely Y-shaped, small divot
-Slow, not sustained swimmer

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31
Q

Truncate

A

-Triangle shaped, flat base
-Slow, not sustained swimmer

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32
Q

Rounded

A

-Rounded
-Slow, not sustained swimmer

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33
Q

Aspect ratio formula

A

AR= (h^2)/(surface area)

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34
Q

Prominent eyes

A

-Diurnal
-1/6-1/5 HL
-Bass, sunfish, tuna

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35
Q

Eye measurement formula

A

Eye diameter/ head length

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36
Q

Large eyes

A

-Nocturnal
-1/2-1/3 HL
-Squirrelfish

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37
Q

Small eyes

A

-Non-sight predator
-Reef shark, catfish

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38
Q

Hagfish vertebral column

A

Cartilaginous sheath at notochord

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39
Q

Lamprey vertebral column

A

Crude VC, catrilaginous

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40
Q

Two types of VC in chondrichthyes

A

-Elasmobranchs
-Holocephalans

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41
Q

Elasmobranchs

A

-True vertebral column
-Cartilaginous

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42
Q

Holocephalans

A

-True vertebral column
-Cartilaginous
-Partially ossified

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43
Q

Osteichthyes vertebral column

A

-True vertebral column
-Ossified

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44
Q

Weberian Apparatus

A

-1st 4 vertebrae fuse together
-Connects swimbladder to inner ear

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45
Q

Agnathan skull type

A

Cartilaginous trough

46
Q

Chondrichthyes skull type

A

Simple chondrocranium (cartilaginous)

47
Q

Osteichthyes skull type

A

Complex ossified skull

48
Q

Neurocranium

A

Braincase

49
Q

Operculum

A

Gill cover

50
Q

Suspensorium

A

Connects neurocranium to jaws

51
Q

Branchiohyoid apparatus

A

Floor mouth

52
Q

Where are the majority of the muscles located

A

Body/caudal peduncle (for swimming)

53
Q

How are muscles arranged?

A

In myomeres separated by connective tissue (1 myomere per vertebrae)

54
Q

Red muscle

A

-Continuous swimming
-Aerobic (high O2)
-Slow twitch
-High fat

55
Q

Pink muscle

A

In between red and white muscle

56
Q

White muscle

A

-Burst swimming
-Anaerobic (low O2)
-Fast twitch
-Low fat

57
Q

Types of swimming

A

-Anguilliform
-Subcarangiform
-Carangiform
-Thunniform

58
Q

Anguilliform swimming

A

-Eels
-Snake like movement

59
Q

Subcarangiform swimming

A

-Head moves and tail
-Move to same side of midline

60
Q

Carangiform swimming

A

-Head stays tight to midline
-Tail movement

61
Q

Thunniform swimming

A

-No head movement, only tail

62
Q

Zygapophyses

A

Interlocked vertebrae

63
Q

Adaptations to increase buoyancy

A
  1. Incorporation of low-density compounds
  2. External structures to generate lift
  3. Reduction of heavy tissue
  4. Gas filled swim bladder
64
Q

Which class of fish have gas-filled swim bladders

A

Osteichthyes

65
Q

Physostomous swim bladder

A

-Pneumatic duct connects to gut
-Inflates by gulping air
-Ancestral (herring, trout, pike, catfish)

66
Q

Physoclistous swim bladder

A

-No pneumatic duct
-Inflates by diffusion of gases from blood
-Not dependent on surface
-Slow to fill
-Derived (bass, sunfish, perch)

67
Q

Ancestral groups

A

Older

68
Q

Derived groups

A

Younger

69
Q

Thermoregulation: most fish are ____

A

Ectothermic (body temp depends on outside)

70
Q

Behavioral thermoregulation

A

-Seeks desired temp
-Heat loss in gills and skin
-Most common

71
Q

Physiological thermoregulation (endothermy)

A

-Heat generated by muscle activity
-Metabolic cost
-Improved muscle endurance

72
Q

Counter current heat exchange

A

Retains heat generated by muscle activity

73
Q

Cranial endothermy

A

-Eyes and brain
-Heater organ

74
Q

Systemic endothermy

A

-Specific regions of the body
-Reduced thermal conductance

75
Q

Whole-body endothermy

A

-Only in Opahs

76
Q

Primary site of gas exchange

A

Gills

77
Q

Gills consist of:

A

-Arches
-Bone/cartilage
-Paired filaments
-Lamellae

78
Q

Counter-current exchange

A

Blood (low O2) and water (high O2) flow in opposite directions in the gills

79
Q

Modified Gills air breathing

A

-Thick and spaced lamellae
-Branched gill arches
-Require moisture
-Support out of water

80
Q

Skin air breathing

A

-Highly vascularized skin
-Diffuse O2 across skin
-Common in scaleless fish

81
Q

Mouth air breathing

A

-Highly vascularized mouth
-Lose gills

82
Q

Gut air breathing

A

-Forcibly swallow air into gut
-Specialized piece of gut allows gas exchange

83
Q

Swim bladder air breathing

A

-Normal gill function
-Breath surface air when O2 low

84
Q

Lungs air breathing

A

-No gills
-Breathe air at surface

85
Q

Do fish have higher or lower blood volume than mammals?

A

lower

86
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

Continual increase in length/volume throughout fishes lives

87
Q

Archival growth measurement

A

-Multiple measurements over time
-Controlled environment

88
Q

Instantaneous growth measurement

A

-Radioactive uptake
-RNA:DNA ratio

89
Q

Controlled Environment growth measurement

A

-Monitored on periodic basis
-Aquaculture, labs, etc
-Growth rates as a function of a variable

90
Q

Mark-recapture method

A

-Estimate growth rate between 1st and 2nd capture
-Natural environment
-Hard to recapture

91
Q

Inner ear

A

-Sound reception
-Balance/equilibrium

92
Q

Lateral line

A

-Orientation
-Avoiding obstacles
-Forming schools

93
Q

Otolith

A

Bony structure found in the inner ear that is used to measure age

94
Q

Types of behaviors

A

-Migratory
-Schooling
-Communication

95
Q

Migration

A

-Daily foraging and predator avoidance
-Seasonal reproduction

96
Q

Why seasonal reproduction in migration?

A

-Increased survival
-Reduce competition
-Avoid cannibalism

97
Q

Schooling

A

-Social attraction
-Usually one species
-Uniform sizes

98
Q

Reasons for schooling?

A

-Drafting
-Confusion
-Foraging
-Reproduction

99
Q

Carotenoids

A

-Source: food
-Blue, yellow, green

100
Q

Melanins

A

-Source: synthesized
-Red, brown, black

101
Q

Where are pigments concentrated

A

Chromatophores

102
Q

Monophyletic groups

A

Pairs/groups of taxa defined by synapomorphies

103
Q

Synapomorphies

A

Shared, derived characteristics

104
Q

Detritivores

A

Eat organic matter

105
Q

Herbivores

A

Eat plant matter

106
Q

Planktivore

A

Eat plankton

107
Q

Omnivore

A

Eats anything

108
Q

Benthivore

A

Eat benthic organisms (sea urchin, crabs, sea stars, etc)

109
Q

Carnivores

A

Eat other organisms

110
Q

Piscivore

A

Eat other fishes

111
Q

Spiral valve

A

-In the intestine
-Increases surface area

Ichthyology (1 decks)

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