Exam 1 Flashcards
(27 cards)
How can emotions be induced
Pictures
Movies
Music
Memories
Scripted Social Interactions
Examples of different ways of measuring emotion
Self-report, nonverbal expressions, biological measures, behaviour
Explain evolutionary theory
- Emotions are caused by activation of prepared system (affect program)
- Basic emotions are biological givens
- Emphasised components: facial expressions, behaviour, physiology, changes to cognition
- Subjective experience is a less central component
- High integration between components
What is the sequence to get to an emotion in evolutionary theory?
Stimulus –) Affect program –) Emotion
basic emotions
anger, disgust, fear, joy, surprise & sadness
In psychological constructionist theories, what is the innate component of emotion? And what are the 2 dimensions?
Core affect
2 dimensions: valence & arousal
In constructionist theories, what causes emotion
Emotions caused by valence and arousal in combination with conceptual knowledge –) categorisation
What is a biological given in constructionist theory?
Core affect is a biological given
two-factor theory of emotion
just the idea that there’s 2 factors leading to emotion: physiological arousal + cognitive interpretation of the situation (label)
according to james-lange theory, what is the sequence that leads to emotion?
stimulus –) physiological response –) emotion
so the physiological response comes before emotion.
What is the sequence that leads to emotion is constructionist theory?
Stimulus –) core affect –) categorization –) emotion
Whereas evolutionary theories link emotions to biological adaptation in the distant past, appraisal theories link emotions to …
people’s immediate evaluation of their circumstances.
Explain the general idea of appraisal theory
The claim of these theories, therefore, is that emotions are determined by how an individual appraises his or her circumstances. Appraisal is the mental process that allows you to detect objects and events in your environment and evaluate their significance for your immediate well-being
main appraisals
- Goal relevance: does it matter to me? Obstructing your goal of staying alive?
- Valence: is it good/bad for me?
- Novelty: is it new?
- Coping potential: can I deal with it? Depends on coping potentials. Skinning 11 year old facing beefing guy in a dark alley. Vs black belt karaté.
- Agency: who caused it? Flatmates threw computer on the ground? Or it fell alone?
Depending on outcomes of all these appraisals we end up with a specific emotional state.
what appraisals are biological givens according to appraisal theories of emotion
novelty and valence (at least)
what is the sequence that leads to emotion in appraisal theory
stimulis –) appraisal –) emotion
give examples of different components of emotion
- nonverbal expressions
- physiological changes
- appraisals
- subjective experience
- other behaviour
mood-congruent memory
you’ll remember something in a way that is congruent with your emotional state.
ex. task “morning” vs “mourning”. if in sad emotional state, will remember “mourning” more than if in happy emotional state.
mood-state dependent memory
The match with the emotional state you were in when you learned something and the emotional state you are in when you’re remembering. To help memory you should be in the same mood.
according to mood-state dependent memory, what is the best outcome vs worst outcome
best outcome: when people encode in a negative state, and recall in a negative state also.
worst outcome: when people encode in a negative state, and recall in a neutral state
mood congruent judgment
People make judgement that are congruent with their own emotional state.
Ex. Make people read text. Then ask to make probability judgements (ex. how often plane likely to crash) what they found was that the people who were in negative emotional state were saying it was much more likely to happen
What is the affect as information model. (model that explains mood-congruent judgment)
The affect-as-information model holds that individuals use their affective state (which
includes the information that their affective state activates in memory) as relevant information
when making evaluative judgments
explain the study that was done on
the dark side of heuristic happiness
- What names are more likely to be criminals
- In both conditions, participants made the judgement that African American names where more likely to be criminal
- This is accentuated when the participants where feeling happy. Used short-cut to led them to their prejudice
potential explanations for the fact that people tend to think in more “shallow” ways when they are happy
1- Hedonic View: avoid engaging in any task that could alter current positive state
2-Information models (affect-as-information model): positive state informs person that the environment is secure and no careful processing is needed.
affective state = relevant information when making evaluative judgements
