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exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Archibald hill known for ?

A

conducted first physiological studies on runners and studied metabolism in isolated frog muscle

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2
Q

what is haldane famous for ?

A

developed methods of measuring O2 use during exercise

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3
Q

what is astrand known for?

A

conducted studies on endurance capacity

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4
Q

what is rhyming known for ?

A

developed method to predict aerobic capacity from submaximal HR

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5
Q

what is Karvonen known for?

A

formula for exercise HR

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6
Q

what is holloszy and tipton known for?

A

introduced biomechanical approached

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7
Q

Lawrence Henderson started HARVARD Fatigue Lab and David Dill directed it. what were their key contributions?

A

-contributed to oxygen consumption
-treadmill and bike (ergometers)

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8
Q

What is the domain of Exercise physiology?

A

structure and functions are altered by exposure to acute and chronic exercise

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9
Q

What is Environmental physiology?

A

effects of environment on body

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10
Q

What is sports physiology?

A

application to training athletes

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11
Q

What are the key points into interpreting graphs ?

A

X axis= independent variables (stimulus applied)

y axis= dependent variables (response to stimuli)

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12
Q

What is metabolism ?

A

Chemical reactions in the body that utilize energy and results in catabolic (break down and anabolic (build up)

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13
Q

What is ATP production?

A

energy from chemical bonds in food stored in high-energy compounds

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14
Q

energy substrates: what substrates are “fuel for exercise”?

A

Protein, fats, and carbs

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15
Q

when words end in “lysis” does it mean to break down or to create?

A

to break down

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16
Q

when word ends in “genesis” does it mean to break down or to create?

A

to create

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17
Q

ATP-PCr system

A

PCr breaks up into phospshate and creatine by creatine kinase and the creatine doesnt do anything but the phosphate that is released with bind with ADP to create ATP, free energy is released during the action

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18
Q

What are the ATP-PCr system steps

A

a. ATP yield: 1 mol ATP/ 1 mol PCr
b. Duration: 3-15 seconds
c. For Short - High Intensity workouts (Anaerobic)
d. Replenished ATP at rest (2-3 min)

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19
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme?

A

Creatine Kinase (CK)

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20
Q

why is acetyl CoA important?

A

-it is the beginning of the krebs cycle
-is a central metabolite that connects various metabolic pathways

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21
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

break down of the molecule glycogen into glucose

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22
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

metabolic process by which organisms produce glucose and other sugars from non-carbohydrate precursors

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23
Q

What are the energy sources available in krebs cycle?

A

pyruvate, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid catabolism, ketone bodies

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24
Q

Why is O2 important?

A
  • the electrons turns into oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain
  • we need O2 in metabolism in order for oxidation to occur
  • it converts lactic acid into glycogen
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25
beta oxidation
takes place in the mitochondria, it is the process of converting FFA's to acetyol-CoA and glycerol before entering krebs cycle
26
oxidation of fat
Fat has 14-20 carbons 7 acetyl-CoA and can generate lots of ATP
27
Explain the breakdown of FFA
Uses two ATP to start up. The number of steps depend on how many carbons there is on FFA. 16 carbon FFA yields 8 acetyl-CoA compared to 1 glucose makes 2 acetyl-CoA. Once acetyl-CoA starts the kreb cycle in order to make ATP.
28
Why beta oxidation yield so many ATP
- it has many carbon - the amount of ATP lies in the high energy content of fatty acids and subsequent production of reduced cofactors
29
ATP PCr system in physical example?
sprinting, short bursts of high intensity, weightlifting, anaerobic
30
oxidative system in physical activity example?
long distance running
31
what are the possible results of pyruvate produced during glycolysis
-Acetyl-Coa (aerobically) -lactate (anaerobically)
32
how is glucose stored in the body?
stored as glycogen in liver and muscles
32
Why is fat more efficient at producing energy than carbohydrates ?
-it has more carbons - fat has more carbon atoms and the more carbon there is the more ATP can be made
33
What are the sources of energy storage for different substrates?
-Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. -Fats are converted by adipocytes and stored in adipose tissue. -Proteins are stored as amino acids.
34
Where does anaerobic and aerobic metabolism occur in the cell? (cytoplasm and mitochondria)
-anaerobic: cytoplasm of cell -aerobic: mitochondria of cell
35
why are NADH and FADH important?
make up the ATP in the electron transport chain
36
where do NADH and FADH go to make energy?
Starts the electron transport chain because too much H+ is too acidic
37
What fuels are primarily utilized during different types of exercise?
-Protein: During starvation, protein oxidation occurs. -Carbohydrates: Short and high-intensity workouts predominantly utilize carbohydrates. -Fats: Prolonged and less intense exercise primarily rely on fat oxidation for energy.
38
What are the processes involved in lactate buffering and recycling?
-Lactate buffering involves mechanisms to regulate lactate levels in the body. -The Lactate Shuttle refers to the transport of lactate between cells and tissues for energy production. -The Cori Cycle describes the conversion of lactate to glucose in the liver, which can then be used as fuel by other tissues.
39
What are the tools to measure energy expenditure ?
-Direct: calorimeter (measures heat production) - indirect= VO2 max (measures respiratory gases)
40
What is RER?
Respiratory exchange ratio
41
What causes different RER values at different conditions?
-Glucose utilization typically results in an RER of 1.0. -When the body is burning fat, such as with palmitic acid, the RER is lower, around 0.70.
42
why does the O2 deficit occur ?
O2 deficit occurs because Oxygen delivery takes a while when exercise starts
43
why does EPOC occur ?
EPOC (excess postexercise O2 consumption) - Replenishes ATP-PCr and hemo/myoglobin - Converts lactate to glycogen - Clears CO2
44
what factors contribute to EPOC
Factor #1. Resynthesis of PC in muscles. Factor #2. Conversion of lactate to glucose. Factor #3. Restoration of oxygen levels in muscle and blood. Factor #4. elevated body temperature. Factor #5. elevated hormones. Factor #6. elevated heart rate and breathing post exercise.
45
what happens during EPOC?
Our body supplies energy through anaerobic pathways -- there is a gap between oxygen demand and oxygen supply . as soon as we finish exercising , we are continuously taking in oxygen which is EPOC
46
what is lactate threshold ? and its response to training
-the point where lactate accumulation increases - training makes your threshold higher
47
what is economy of effory?
- As athletes become more skilled less energy is used for given pace - 2 runners at same vo2 max , one racer is faster and he has better usage of the oxygen
48
What are the key factors influencing caloric expenditure during different activities?
-Activity type and intensity -Activity level (largest influence) -Body factors such as age, weight, etc.
49
what is the criteria of a successful endurance athlete?
- High VO2max - High lactate threshold - High economy of effort - High amount of type I muscle fibers (slow twitch, aerobic)
50
what is the difference between the absolute and relative oxygen consumption?
-Absolute: L/min -Relative : ml/ kg/min per min divide oxygen consumption by our body weight
51
what are the different types of muscle soreness and their causes?
- Acute = during or immediately after Cause: - accumulation of metabolic by-products (H+) & edema - DOMS = 1-2 days after exercise Cause: eccentric muscle actions Damaged muscle cells→attract neutrophils→ macrophage activity→ edema
52
what are the different acronyms for respiratory gas contents?
- Vi​ = volume of inspired air - Ve​ = volume of expired air - FIO2​ = fraction of oxygen in inspired air - FICO2​ = fraction of CO2 in inspired air - FEO2​ = fraction of oxygen in expired air - FECO2​ = fraction of CO2 in expired air
53
how do the different respiratory gas contents work in haldane transformation
Haldane transformation: allows the volume of inspired air (unknown) to be calculated for volume of expired air (known) *calculates oxygen consumption* Variables needed for Haldane transformation: - Vi​ = volume of inspired air - Ve​ = volume of expired air - FIO2​ = fraction of oxygen in inspired air - FICO2​ = fraction of CO2 in inspired air - FEO2​ = fraction of oxygen in expired air - FECO2​ = fraction of CO2 in expired air Simplified: Oxygen in - Oxygen out
54
what are the atmospheric gas contents ?
- Nitrogen = %80 - Oxygen = %20 - CO2 = %.03
55
how is resting membrane potential happening ?
Resting Membrane Potential: cell is POLARIZED -70mv * Na+ (sodium) ⇒ Outside the cell - Channels closed - Sodium going into the cell * K+ (potassium) ⇒ Inside the cell - Channels open
56
how is graded potential happening ?
Graded Potential Localized sub-threshold Generated by incoming signals from dendrites (does not reach action potential) Signals accumulate until they reach AP
57
how is action potential happening?
Action Potential * All or none principle = must reach the threshold of -55mv Strong EPSP leads to action potential
58
what are the structure of the neuron and their functions?
Cell body​: headquarters Dendrites​: receives information Axon:​ sends signal out
59
what are the divisions of neural pathways ?
-Sensory (afferent) : transmits info from periphery to brain Motor (efferent) : transmits info from the brain to peripheral (autonomic and somatic) -Presynaptic axon terminal → Synapse → Postsynaptic Dendrites→ electrical signals *Axon terminals contain neurotransmitters (chemical messengers)* - ACh is the chemical messenger - NE (norepinephrine)
60
what are the regions of the brain and their functions ?
-Cerebrum: primary motor cortex: Where decisions are made about skeletal movement -Diencephalon: Thalamus: sensory relay center Hypothalamus: maintains homeostasis -Cerebellum: Refines movement -Brain Stem: relays info between brain and spinal cord Cardiovascular and respiratory function
61
what is the neuromuscular junction?
*Passes AP from neuron to muscle cell - Binding site = “motor end plate”
62
what are EPSP and IPSP and their functions
-EPSP (Excitatory postsynaptic potential) = caused by depolarization Happens in the neuron -IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) = caused by hyperpolarization (more negative)
63
What are the key characteristics of glycolysis?
-Glycolysis utilizes glucose or glycogen as its substrate. -It occurs entirely in the cytoplasm. -It starts with glucose-6-phosphate and consists of 10 enzymatic reactions, ending with pyruvic acid. -ATP yield is 2 to 3 mol ATP per 1 mol substrate, with 2 ATP when using glucose and 3 ATP when using glycogen, along with 2 NADH. -It lasts from 15 seconds to 2 minutes. Glycolysis is anaerobic. -It consists of an investment stage (activation) and an energy-conserving stage where ATP is created. -The rate-limiting enzyme is PFK (Phosphofructokinase), regulated by negative feedback from the concentration of ATP. -Glycolysis does not exclusively occur with oxygen; it can happen in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
64
What are the key components and characteristics of the oxidative system?
-Stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain -ATP Yield: Variable based on substrate; Glucose yields 32 ATP, Glycogen yields 33 ATP, Free fatty acids yield over 100 ATP. -Duration: Provides energy steadily for hours. Krebs Cycle: Generates 2 Acetyl-CoA from 1 glucose, yielding ATP, NADH, and FADH. -Aerobic: Requires oxygen. -Location: Occurs in the mitochondria. -Produces: NADH, FADH, and H+. -Electron Transport Chain: Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, yields 2.5 ATP per NADH and 1.5 ATP per FADH, totaling 25 ATP from NADH and 28 ATP from FADH. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. -Enzymes: Isocitrate dehydrogenase and Cytochrome oxidase are key enzymes involved.

Kin 3800 (5 decks)

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