Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the concerns related to the use of GE?
A) New genes introduced in genetically engineered organism may have unpredictable effects on its physiology and biochemistry
B) Transgenic animals can pass their transgene to the offspring
C) Foreign genes may have unexpected and potentially dangerous effects when placed in a genetic environment that is different from what is natural for them
D) All choices are correct
D) All the above
What is the correct chronological order of events?
i. Watson and Crick elucidate the double helix structure of DNA
ii. Friedrich Miescher isolates DNA
iii. Berg, Boyer and Cohen develop the first recombinant DNA molecule
iv. Arber provides evidence for restriction enzyme
v. Gellert discovers DNA ligase enzyme
ii→i→iv→v→iii
In the following biochemical reaction, what are the correct governing equations?
A)
dx/dt = dy/dt = k+xy - k-z
dz/dt = -k+xy + k-z
B)
dx/dt = dy/dt = k+xy
dz/dt = k-z
C) None of these answers are correct
D)
dx/dt = dy/dt = -k+xy + k-z
dz/dt = k+xy - k-z
D)
dx/dt = dy/dt = -k+xy + k-z
dz/dt = k+xy - k-z
Which of the following statements are correct? In the equation: x(t) = xe^kt
If k>0, then it represents exponential growth
What is/are the correct equation(s) that represent the Conservation Law? Select all correct answers.
d(c+a)/dt = 0
d(b+a)/dt = 0
d(b+c)/dt = 0
d(a-c)/dt = 0
d(c+a)/dt = 0
d(b+a)/dt = 0
When considering Michaelis Menten Kinectics’ quasi steady state approximation, what is/are true about the significance of Ɵ?
A) Ɵ is the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is at half of the maximum
B) Ɵ is a direct measure of the substrate ability for the enzyme (i.e., a large Ɵ indicates that the reaction rate will arrive maximum more quickly)
C) Ɵ is independent on both enzyme and substrate, as well as conditions such as temperature and pH.
D) A and C
A) Ɵ is the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is at half of the maximum
What is true about Michaelis Menten Kinetics?
A) It is used with quasi steady state approximation when the complex amount stays constant
B) It improves modeling of reaction that does not actually have infinitively exponential growth in real experiment when reactants are limited
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
C) Both A and B
Which statement is correct about competitive inhibition?
A) primary substrate can bind to the enzyme thus preventing the inhibitor from doing it. The result is that no product can be created.
B) None of these statements are correct
C) Antihistamines are competitve inhibitors of histamines at the histamine receptor
D) Substrate formation rate can be modeled as:
C) Antihistamines are competitve inhibitors of histamines at the histamine receptor
Positively cooperative binding:
n>1, the catalyst’s affinity for ligands increases with more ligands bound to it
Negatively cooperative binding
n<1, the catalyst’s affinity for ligands decreases with more ligands bound to it
Noncooperative binding
n=1, catalyst affinity for ligands is unaffected by the number of ligands bound to it
In a gene circuit diagram, arrows indicate
promotion of a gene
In a gene circuit diagram, T-shaped ends indicate
inhibition of a gene
Gene
A specific nucleotide sequence that is transcribed for RNA
Structural gene
Coding sequence for mRNA in eukaryotes, coregulated by operon
Lac Operon
Bacteria operon (in Escherichia coli) responsible for metabolism of lactose to glucose and galactose
transcriptional terminator
Signals RNA polymerase to stop transcription, downstream of the coding sequence
Exons
Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA for RNA
Introns
Noncoding segments of nucleic acid between coding sequences, removed from primary transcript after RNA polymerase has bound to the promoter and the entire eukaryotic structural gene is transcribed, which links Exons together, eukaryotes
Eukaryote RNA transcription differs because it
has Intron and Exon sequences, ends modified and removed by RNA splicing
Synthetic biology and genetic circuit uses
logic gates
Logic gates are built in gene circuits by
altering or introducing connections between genetic components to make novel regulatory networks
Gene logic gates interpret logical values from
molecular concentrations
NOT gate
changes its output to the opposite state of its input (1 to 0, 0 to 1)
AND gate
takes in 2 inputs and only outputs True if both inputs are True (outputs 1 only if both signals are 1)
OR gate
gives a true signal if one or both of its inputs are true
NAND gate
output is 0 when all inputs are 1 and 1 for all other inputs, inverted AND gate
NOR gate
output is 0 when any input is 0, inverted OR gate
X in logic gates means
exclusive
XOR gate
If a single input is true, the output is true, if both or none are true, the output is false
XNOR gate
If both or neither input is true, the output is true, inverted XOR
Exclusive gates are indicated by
an extra line
