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Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

methemoglobin

A

hemoglobin with an oxidized iron, cannot carry O2 (acetominophen)

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2
Q

in what two locations does extramedullary hematopoiesis happen

A

spleen and liver

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3
Q

nutritional promotors of erythropoiesis

A

iron, copper, B12 (cobalamin), B6, and B9 (folate)

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4
Q

three inhibitors of erythropoiesis

A

estrogen, TNF and IL-6

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5
Q

last two stages before mature RBC

A

metarubicyte (nRBC) and reticulocyte (loosely similar to polychromatophils)

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6
Q

poikilocytosis

A

increased variation of RBC shape

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7
Q

when can you get a false hyperchromasia?

A

LIAH! lipemia, intravascular hemolysis, agglutination, and heinz bodies

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8
Q

why is plasma different than serum

A

has proteins! PPP
plasma purple protein

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9
Q

camelid erythrocytes

A

oval

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10
Q

deer erythrocytes

A

sickle shaped

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11
Q

birds, reptiles and fish erythrocytes

A

oval and nucleated

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12
Q

acanthocytes

A

blunt or boot shaped spicules, means fragmentation injury or liver disease

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13
Q

codocytes

A

target cells, means liver disease and hypothyroidism

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14
Q

echinocytes

A

pointed spikes, means artifact or snake venom

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15
Q

keratocytes

A

ruptured little blisters, means liver disease or fragmentation

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16
Q

schistocytes

A

fragments, means fragmentation process happening

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17
Q

spherocytes

A

small with no central pallor in dogs, means extravascular hemolysis (IMHA)

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18
Q

eccentrocytes

A

hemoglobin pushed to one side, means oxidative injury or intravascular hemolysis

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19
Q

ghost cells

A

intravascular hemolysis

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20
Q

heinz bodies

A

oxidative damage and intravascular hemolysis, also old cat diseases (diabetes, hyperthyroid, lymphoma)

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21
Q

basophilic stippling

A

specific to regenerative anemia in cattle

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22
Q

time for bone marrow to respond

A

3-5 days in most species

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23
Q

what will we see with regenerative anemia if it is a result of blood loss?

A

hypoproteinemia

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24
Q

five toxins causing hemolytic anemia

A

acetaminophen, red maple leaf, onions/garlic, zinc, and copper deficiency (SR)

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25
mycoplasma haemofelis
tiny little dots on margin of cells, from fleas, regenerative hemolytic anemia
26
cytauxzoon felis
signet rings, from ticks, causes nonregenerative hemolytic anemia and decreases all cell lines
27
babesia canis
lots of weird pale ovals in greyhounds
28
babesia gibsoni
secondary cause of IMHA in dogs, signet rings
29
equine piroplasmosis
theileria equi and babesia caballi, ring or maltese cross
30
anemia of chronic disease
normocytic, normochromic nonregenerative anemia, hepcidin (IL-1,6 and TNF) causes iron sequestration in tissues
31
anemia of chronic renal disease
normocytic, normochromic nonregenerative anemia from decreased epo production
32
toxins that target bone marrow
estrogen, chloramphenicol, chemo, bracken fern
33
iron deficiency anemia
microcytic, hypochromic nonregenerative anemia, often from chronic blood loss
34
type II hypersensitivity reactions
cell bound, IMHA, neonatal isoerythrolysis
35
what species is always at risk of a transfusion reaction
cats (type B more anti-A antibodies)
36
major vs minor cross match
major- donor RBCs and recipient antibodies minor- donor antibodies and recipient RBCs
37
which kittens would get neonatal isoerythrolysis
B queen and anything else (even in first litter)
38
why is it common in cows to see acute neutrophilia with inflammation
small storage pool
39
most common causes of mastocythemia in cats and dogs
cats- neoplasia dogs- inflammatory (enteritis, pleuritis, peritonitis)
40
granulocytic erlichiosis causes
a phagocytophilum and e ewingii in neutrophils, morula
41
ehrlichia canis
infects monocytes and lympocytes, morula
42
histoplasma capsulatum
neutrophils in clusters of signets
43
hepatozoon
tic tacs
44
stress leukon
lymphopenia (sometimes monocytosis in dogs and neutrophilia)
45
physiologic leukon
lymphocytosis (will also often have erythrocytosis and lymphocytosis)
46
inflammatory leukon
marked neutrophilia or monocytosis in not dogs or left shift
47
extreme neutrophilia (>40000) causes
IMHA, 6 inflammatory ps (pyometra, pyothorax, pancreatitis, peritonitis, pneumonia, prostatitis)
48
where is thrombopoietin produced
hepatocytes
49
4 steps of primary hemostasis
platelet adhesion platelet shape change platelet secretion of granules platelet aggregation
50
how to manually count platelets
count platelets in ten fields, average, multiply by 15000 (dogs) or 20000 (cats)
51
four main causes of thrombocytopenia
SPUD splenic sequestation (heat stroke) production decreased (bone marrow) utilization increased (trauma) destruction increased (ITP)
52
glanzmann thrombasthenia
platelets unable to bind fibrinogen (otterhounds and great pyrenees)
53
vitamin K dependent coagulation factors
10 9 7 2
54
extrinsic pathway
3 and 7** PT times (PeT goes to bathroom outside)
55
intrinsic pathway
12, 11, 9, 8, brad PiTT goes to the bathroom inside
56
common coag pathway
10, 2, 1, 13
57
FDPs
plasmin lyses fibrin into these, means clotting is working and now being broken down
58
PIVKA test
modified PT test, earliest indicator of vit K deficiency
59
hemophilia A
most common inherited coagulopathy (esp dogs), factor 8, sex linked recessive (affects PTT)
60
hemophilia B
defective factor 9, otherwise similar to A
61
factor XII deficiency
common in cats, asymptomatic but prolonged PTT
62
laboratory diagnosis of DIC (3/5)
increased FDPs thrombocytopenia decreased fibrinogen decreased antithrombin prolonged clotting times
63
pure transudate
clear TP <2.5 TNCC <5000 decreased oncotic pressure (often albumin)
64
modified transudate
cloudy maybe serosanginous, some neutrophils TP 2.5-5 TNCC still <5000 increased hydrostatic pressure (congestion)
65
exudate
variable color TP >4 TNCC >5000 inflammation, septic or aseptic
66
parameters to test if suspect septic
fluid glucose difference (serum-fluid) fluid lactate difference (fluid-plasma)
67
causes of chylous effusion
idiopathic in dogs CHF in cats (test triglycerides)
68
uroabdomen tests
fluid creatinine >2x serum fluid potassium >1.4x serum
69
degenerative lesions cytology (3)
low cellularity, high protein hematoma (RBCs and cholesterol crystals) cyst seroma
70
malessezia pachydermatis
oval, normal yeast shoe shape (ears)
71
sporothrix schenckii
tiny oval, CIGAR shaped light cytoplasm, thin clear cell wall, phagocytized by macrophages and narrow budding
72
histoplasma capsulatum
round to oval and otherwise same as sporothrix
73
crypto
thick non-staining capsule, narrow budding
74
blastomyces
big, basophilic, broad based budding (MRV)
75
coccidioides
same as blasto but no budding and SW
76
10 criteria of malignancy
anisocytosis anisokaryosis increased N:C ratio nuclear molding chromatin condensing mitotic figures anisonucleoliosis large prominent nucleoli variable shape nucleoli multiple nucleoli
77
round cell tumors (5)
T VTs- discrete little vacuoles L ymphoma- high N:C ratio M ast cell tumor- purple granules P lasma cell tumor- perinuclear clear zone, multinucleation H istiocytic tumor- young dogs with peripheral clear zone
78
gold standard for estimating GFR
inulin or iohexol clearance test
79
extra renal factors affecting BUN
high protein diet, liver failure, ruminant
80
best indicator of renal function in birds and reptiles
uric acid
81
azotemia
increased BUN or CRE
82
hypersthenuria
most often dehydration >1.025 LA >1.030 canine >1.035 feline
83
isosthenuria
1.008-1.012 if azotemic, renal failure
84
three extra renal effects on USG
osmotic diuresis, medullary washout, DI
85
most dangerous part about post-renal azotemia
hyperkalemia
86
most common electrolyte abnormality in renal disease
hyperphosphatemia
87
nephrotic syndrome components (4)
proteinuria hypoalbuminemia fasting hypercholesterolemia third spacing
88
proteinuria
high sensitivity for albumin (hemorrhage as well)
89
fanconi syndrome
multiple resorptive defects in proximal tubules and nephrogenic DI, basenji
90
struvite
coffin lid in alkaline urine, common can be healthy
91
calcium carbonate
alkaline urine, radiating striation and yellow
92
calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate
d- acidic, maltese cross, normalish m- long shards/jack, ethylene glycol toxicity
93
ammonium biurate
thorn apple, severe liver disease (normal in dalmations and bulldogs)
94
uric acid
liver disease, diamond plates with slightly curved edges, (normal in dalmations and bulldogs)
95
cystine
hexagonal, pathologic always, acidic urine
96
protein casts
hyaline with clear outline, hgb
97
cellular casts
active inflammation (WBCs, RBCs)
98
granular casts
tubular degeneration, eventually become waxy which look small and hard

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