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Pathophysiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Leukemia definition

A

Cancer of the leukocytes. Acute and Chronic.

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2
Q

Kids get this leukemia, and it’s the most common leukemia

A

ALL (Acute lymphoblastic leukemia)

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3
Q

Leukemia manifestations

A

-Leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia (pancytopenia)
-Lymphadenopathy
-Joint swelling, bone pain, weight loss, anorexia
-Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
-CNS dysfunction

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4
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis Causes

A

Spread by oral transmission, caused by Epstein Barr Virus

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5
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis Labs (4)

A

lab methods test viral capsid antigen (VCA), early antigen (EA), EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA), and monospo

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6
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis Manifestations (7)

A

Anorexia, malaise, and chills. If they intensify it’ll cause leukocytosis, fever, sore throat, lymphopathy

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7
Q

Multiple Myeloma Definitions & Key Sign

A

Blood cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow. Bence Jones protein in urine.

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8
Q

Multiple Myeloma Manifestations

A

CRAB, hypercalcemia, renal dysfunction, anemia, bone pain

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9
Q

Lymphoma Definition/Types

A

Cancers that develop from lymphatic cells in the lymphatic system. Non-Hodgkins and Hodgkins. Reed Sternberg cells is in Hodgkins

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10
Q

Lymphoma Manifestations

A

Painless enlarged nodes, night sweats, pruritis, splenomegaly

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11
Q

Lymphoma Lab

A

CBC, LDH, ESR

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12
Q

ITP (Immune thrombocytopenic purpura)

Definition

A

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is hypocoagulation due to autoimmune destruction of platelets. When the Immune system is destroying platelets, igG reacts to platelets which are then destroyed in the liver and spleen

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13
Q

ITP Causes

A

idiopathic, autoimmune disease, live vaccine immunization, immunodeficiency disorders, viral infections. Idiopathic- we don’t know why/platelets/small blood vessels leak under skin.

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14
Q

ITP Manifestations

A

abnormal bleeding, petechiae, gum bleeding, epistaxis, purpura, GI bleed, hematuria

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15
Q

ITP Lab

A

CBC, Platelets <20k, Blood Smear, Bone Marrow test

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16
Q

TTP (Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura)

A

Caused by a deficiency in the enzyme that cleaves von Willebrand’s factor, leading the hypercoagulation that depletes platelet levels

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17
Q

TTP Manifestations

A

Fever, hemolytic anemia. purpura, consciousness changes, confusion, fatigue, fever, headache, tachycardia, pallor, dyspnea with exertion, speech changes, weakness, and jaundice

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18
Q

Neutropenia

A

Neutrophil decrease. Condition where concentration of neutrophils reaches <1,500 cells/mL

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19
Q

Neutropenia Manifestations

A

Depend on severity/cause, but include infections and ulcerations (especially mucous membranes) and other signs of infection (like fever

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20
Q

Anemia General Definition

A

Decreased number of erythrocytes, reduction of hemoglobin, or abnormal
hemoglobin; decreases oxygen-carrying capacity and creates tissue hypoxia.

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21
Q

Anemia General Manifestations

A

Hypoxia, Weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope, dyspnea, tachycardia.

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22
Q

Anemia General Labs

A

CBC, Iron Panel, Blood Smears

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23
Q

Iron Deficient Anemia (M+L)

A

Most common, RBC’s is small/pale, can cause confusion and memory loss in elderly, vitamin C supplements. Bariatric surgery is a risk.

Lab: Iron Panel

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24
Q

Pernicious anemia (M+L)

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency, lack of intrinsic factors.

M: Glossitis, muscle weakness, mood changes

Labs: Serum VB12 Test, Instrinsic Antibody Test.

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25
Aplastic Anemia (M+L)
rare, serious, bone marrow is not making enough of all the blood cells (pancytopenia). Idiopathic and autoimmune. M: Infections, bleeding and hypoxia are seen. L: CBC
26
Hemolytic anemia (M+L)
Excessive destruction of RBC. Idiopathic autoimmune causes, M: Dark Urine, Enlarged spleen, Gallstones L: Bilirubin count, reticulocyte count, LDH.
27
Sickle cell anemia
RBC have a sickle shape. co-dominant genetic. M: Painful, jaundice, hemoglobin S shape, chest pain, SOB, ischemia, encourage hydration. L: HbS, CMP
28
Thalassemia
incidental. Autosomal recessive, lack of alpha or beta. Genetic. No pain component. Common in Mediterranean/Asian descent. Affects both genders.
29
Polycythemia Vera (M+L)
Bone marrow produces too many WBC/RBC/platelets. Neoplastic. M: Blood volume increases, headaches/dizziness, discolorations, pruritis. L: EPO long term hypoxia: high altitudes, smoking and COPD.
30
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
This is a chronic, inflamatory, autoimmune disorder of connective tissue. B cells are triggered for an unknown reasons to fight it.
31
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Manifestations
renal disease, hypertension, raynaud phenomenon, swollen joints, butterfly rash, pancytopenia, glomerulonephritis
32
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Lab
22 Point Criteria, CRP, ANA, ESR, CBC, CMP
33
Autoimmunity characteristics
Sees itself as foreign. Trigger is unknow. Risks is genetics, female sex, abnormal stressors. Frequently progressive relapsing-remitting disorders. Diagnosis often attempts to eliminate all other possibilities
34
Immunodeficiency
A diminished or absent immune response. Increased susceptibility to infections. Opportunistic infections caused by pathogens that don't cause disease in healthy people.
35
HIV/AIDS definition and transmission
Parasitic retrovirus infecting CD4 and macrophages. transmitted via blood and bodily fluids; expecting mothers risk infecting their child
35
HIV/AIDS manifestations
Lymphopathy. diarrhea, weight loss, fever, shortness of breath, three year life expectancy, neurological symptoms. Opportunistic infections like TB, PCP, Cryptococcal Meningitis, and Toxoplasmosis.
36
HIV/AIDS labs
NAT and viral load testing CD4 Count:<200 = AIDS
37
Type I Hypersensitivy
IgE mediated, hives, bronchospasm, conjuctivitis
38
Type II Hypersensitivity
IgG, mediated, tissue specific, blood transfusion
39
Type III Hypersensitivity
Immune complex mediated, Serum Sickness, Not Organ Specific, Raynaud
40
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Cell mediated, Delayed response, killing T cells, Examples: Graft rejection, poison ivy, TB
41
Adaptive Immunity characteristic
Specific to each person, acquired over time, natural vs passive, cellular and humoral
42
Cellular (Adaptive Immunity) Characteristics
T Cells - helper T and cyotoxic T destroy antigens
43
Humoral (Adaptive Immunity) Characteristics
B Cells - memory cells and immunoglobulin-secreting cells produce antibodies 72 hours after initial exposure
44
Natural Active
I had measles
45
Natural Passive
Mother to baby
46
Artificial Active
I had the measles vaccination
47
Artifical Passive
Antibodies injected in a patient to boost patient’s antibody response
48
Innate Immunity
First line of defense. What everyone is born with.
49
Barrier
Mucous membranes, skin, gastric acid, tears
50
Inflammatory Response
Happens right away, fights invaders, acute(localized, short term), or chronic (long term, isolates body, lasts until healing finishes),mast cells and histamine are the components that help trigger and inflammatory response
51
Pyrogens
A system of response for a fever to happen all over the body
52
Interferons
protein released from virus-infected cells to inhibit viral replication
53
Complement system
protein that enhances the action of antibodies
54
Stress response and hormones
Cortisol and epinephrine are two hormones for alarm stage (fight/flight) Cortisol increases blood sugar General Adaptation: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion (Hans Seyle) Local Adaptation: confines damage to one area
55
X Linked Inheritance
Almost always x-linked Males have a 50% chance of getting the disorder from their affected mother Females have a 50% chance of being carriers Daughters of affected males are carriers, sons are not
56
Turner Syndrome
Deletion in all or part of x chromosome. Only in females, no ovaries, female/growth hormones. M: osteoporosis, kidney and cardio abnormalities, hearing loss L: Karyotype Analysis, Growth and Follicle stimulation hormone levels
57
Klinefelter Characteristics
Only happens in males An extra X so the Genotype: XX and Y Not noticeable at birth but at puberty Testicles don’t develop Boys are infertile May have women breasts Hormone and chromosomal testing Treatments: Male hormones
58
Phenotype
Expression of genes Ex: Having blue eyes
59
Apoptosis definition
Programmed Cell Death
60
Necrosis definition
Cell death due to unexpected injury
61
Ischemia definition
Not enough blood flow to tissues
62
Malignant Tumor Characteristics
Rapid growth Undifferentiated, varied, mitosis increased and atypical Invades nearby tissues through blood or lymph Tissue destruction and spread
63
Benign Tumor Characteristics
Slow Like Normal, Differentiated, Mitosis is normal Localized Only threatening in certain locations (brain)
64
Atrophy
Shrinkage of muscle/cell Occurs because of decreased work demands of the cell. Example: Fractured leg unused
65
Dysplasia
Cells mutate into cells of a different size, shape, and appearance (i.e., atypical cells). Dysplastic changes are often implicated as precancerous cells. Ex: The reproductive and respiratory tracts are common sites.
66
Metaplasia
Replaces cell with another Initiated by chronic irritation and inflammation, such that a more virulent cell line emerges Ex: Smoking or vitamin A deficieny
67
Hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue because of normal stimuli. Ex: Menstruation
68
Relationship of Hypoxia and Ischemia
The most common cause of hypoxia is ischemia. Explain the difference between hypoxia and ischemia: Hypoxia refers to a reduction in the supply of oxygen to organs including the brain. Ischemia refers to an inadequate supply of blood to the organs.
69
Autolysis of Cell
Self eating
70
Four main types of cell injury
1. Hypoxic - lack of oxygen in cell, common reason is ischemia (lack of blood flow) 2. Reperfusion – return of oxygen to hypoxic cells 3. Oxidative stress – formation of ROS (reactiveoxygen species) 4. Chemical injury – many chemicals toxic to cells
71
Necrosis Types (6)
Coagulative, Liquefactive, Caseous, Fat, Gangrenous, Fibrinoid
72
Infarction
Ischemia leaving cells damaged to the extent that they cannot survive

Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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