EXAM 1

Question 1

Define radiation

Answer 1

-transfer of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves without direct contact between objects

Question 2

what are significant numbers?

Answer 2

multiplied by factors of 10

Question 3

basic formula for calculating drug dosages

Answer 3

desired dose / available concentration x volume

Question 4

alternate method for drug dosage calculations?

Answer 4

drug on hand / given volume = desired dose / x

Question 5

what is Brownian motion?

Answer 5

molecules of gas move freely and are in continuous motion

Question 6

how is the internal pressure of a cylinder determined?

Answer 6

the number of molecular collisions against the walls of the cylinder per unit of time

Question 7

when other variables are held constant, what is the correlation between the amount of oxygen molecules present in a cylinder and the internal pressure of the cylinder?

Answer 7

direct

Question 8

what is Dalton’s law?

Answer 8

-law of partial pressure
-the total pressure of a mixture o gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas

Question 9

Ideal gas law

Answer 9

-theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles that are not subject to interparticle interactions
-do not interact with any repulsive or attractant forces, partly, because in theory they lack mass and volume

Question 10

when do ideal gas laws become more inaccurate?

Answer 10

higher pressures and lower temperatures

Question 11

how does Dalton’s law allow for calculation of the partial pressure exerted by a gas?

Answer 11

multiplying its fractional concentration by total pressure of the gas mixture

Question 12

how does Dalton’s law allow for calculation of the fractional composition of a gas within a mixture?

Answer 12

by dividing the partial pressure of the gas by the total pressure of the gas mixture

Question 13

what is vapor pressure?

Answer 13

molecules in gas phase are in constant motion, bombarding the walls of the container to exert pressure – vapor pressure

Question 14

what is saturated vapor pressure?

Answer 14

gas phase above the liquid phase is said to be saturated when it contains all the molecules it can hold at a given temp, at which point the pressure exerted by the gas is saturated vapor pressure

Question 15

what is saturated vapor pressure at 37 C?

Answer 15

47 mm Hg or 6% atmospheric pressure

Question 16

how do you determine the partial pressure of a gas at the level of the alveoli?

Answer 16

subtract SVP of water (47) from atm

Question 17

why do we need to know and understand Dalton’s law?

Answer 17

to calculate the quantity of gases dissolved in the blood (dalton and henry)
account for differences in altitude as it pertains to inhaled anesthetic agents (ABG, Dalton, Fick)

Question 18

radiation heat transfer?

Answer 18

via electromagnetic waves from the patient to the environment
-60% of total heat loss

Question 19

conduction heat loss?

Answer 19

heat transferred via direct contact

Question 20

convection heat loss

Answer 20

movement of fluid
warmer air, due to increased molecular movement is less dense and has a tendency to move away from the patient and is replaced by cold air

Question 21

evaporation heat loss

Answer 21

energy is taken up when water moves from the liquid to the gas phase

Question 22

reimbursement implications following general anesthesia and normothermia

Answer 22

patients must have a core temp greater than 35.5C either 30 mins prior to or 15 mins following anesthesia stop time

Question 23

negative effects of hypothermia

Answer 23

-delayed emergence from anesthesia
-increased coagulopathy
- delirium
-shivering = increased metabolic demand and CV strain
-vasoconstriction = impaired wound healing

Question 24

what fluid conducts electricity better?

Answer 24

normal saline
-electricity can bounce between the electrolytes

Question 25

shock hazard of 150 microamps?

Answer 25

can cause v-fib if applied directly to the myocardium

Question 26

shock hazard of 15-50 mA applied to the body surface?

Answer 26

muscle spasm and respiratory arrest

Question 27

shock hazard of 75 mA applied to body surface?

Answer 27

v-fib

Question 28

shock hazard of 5 amps?

Answer 28

aystole

Question 29

how do line isolation monitors work?

Answer 29

notifies OR personnel if a fault is present

Question 30

unipolar/monopolar electrocautery?

Answer 30

small electrode that produces high current at the cautery tip requires a large area return electrode (grounding pad)

Question 31

bipolar electrocautery?

Answer 31

two small electrodes incorporated in the device does not require a grounding pad

Question 32

what is an isotope?

Answer 32

same number of protons, but different number of neutrons atoms with differing masses

Question 33

how do radioactive isotopes decay?

Answer 33

by emitting neutrons and energy

Question 34

what is non-ionizing radiation?

Answer 34

low energy photons can be released in the form of heat results in rotation, vibration, or excitation of electrons within atoms

Question 35

what is ionizing radiation?

Answer 35

alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, xrays displace electrons from atoms -- forming ions