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R's Organic > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the formula for an alkane
What is the VESPR shape and bond angle
What is the hybridization

A

CnH2n+2
Tetrahedral, 109.5
sp3

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2
Q

What is the formula for an alkene
What is the VESPR shape and bond angle
What is the hybridization

A

CnH2n
Trigonal Planar: 120
sp2

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3
Q

What is the formula for an alkyne
What is the VESPR shape and bond angle
What is the hybridization

A

CnH2n-2
Linear; 180
sp

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4
Q

What does saturated vs unsaturated mean

A

Saturated has the max amount of H bonds, no double or triple bonds
Unsaturated has double or triple bonds that do not allow for the max number of H.

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5
Q

Define stereoisomers

A

same connectivity, rotation around C-C is restricted.
Can be cis or trans

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6
Q

Constitutional Isomer

A

Same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms

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7
Q

How many bonds do each of the following typically want :
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Halides

A

Carbon- 4 bonds
Nitrogen- 3 bonds (has lone pair)
Oxygen- 2 bonds (has 2 lone pairs)
Halides- 1 bond (has 3 lone pairs)

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8
Q

What is the typical formal charge when:
an element has an extra lone pair
an element has an extra bond

A

extra lone pair will be -
extra bond will be +

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9
Q

what is a sigma bond vs pi bond

A

sigma is single bond
pi bond is double bond

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10
Q

what is a degenerate orbital

A

orbitals of the same energy level.
Hybrids are degenerate.

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11
Q

What is the lowest energy orbital?

A

1s

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12
Q

Aufbau principle

A

“build up”, must start from lowest energy level before filling a higher one

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13
Q

Paulis exclusion principle

A

each orbital has opposite spins

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14
Q

Hunds Rule

A

One in each before doubling up.

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15
Q

What type of interference will result in a bond?

A

constructive interference only.
Antibonding (*) is considered destructive interference and is of a higher energy level-has a node

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

What makes pi bonds?

A

overlapping UNHYBRIDIZED orbitals

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18
Q

What is the longest bond?
What is the strongest bond?

A

longest is a single bond
strongest is a triple bond

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19
Q

What is the steric number for sp3 ,sp2, and sp orbitals?

A

sp3 =4
sp2=3
sp=2

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20
Q
A
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21
Q
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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Polar or nonpolar:
Tetrahedral with symmetry
Tetrahedral without symmetry
Bent
Trigonal Planar with symmetry
Trigonal Planar without symmetry

A

Tetrahedral with symmetry- nonpolar
Tetrahedral without symmetry- polar
Bent- polar
Trigonal Planar with symmetry-nonpolar
Trigonal Planar without symmetry- polar

*Be cautious of atoms with similar electronegativities

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24
Q

Intramolecular forces vs intermolecular forces

Study These Flashcards
A

Intra- within the molecule. Can be Ionic or Covalent (polar non polar)
Inter-between molecules. Can be London Dispersion, Dipole Dipole, Hydrogen.

25
Rate the intermolecular forces weakest to strongest
LD< DD< Hydrogen
26
The stronger the intermolecular forces, the _________ the melting point Why
The stronger the intermolecular forces, the HIGHER the melting point. Its a stronger bond, will require more energy (heat) to break it
27
What factors can help determine order of melting point between given molecules
Greater surface area allows for stacking- increase melting point Branching will decrease melting point Longer chains will have increased melting points Hydrogen bonding will have higher melting points
28
What does it mean when a compound is "protic"
Compounds with H atoms that are capable of forming hydrogen bonds
29
Which atoms are most likely to form Hydrogen bonds. Why?
F.O.N. They each have a lone pair ready for H to attach too. They are very electronegative.
30
Stronger ka is a _______pka, _______acidic
Stronger ka is a lower pka, more acidic
31
The stable base is the _______base, which comes from the ______acid
The stable base is the weaker base, which comes from the stronger acid.
32
When comparing acids, equilibrium will favor the ________acid
equilibrium will favor the weaker acid
33
ARIO
Atom- based on size then electronegativity Resonance Induction-based only on electronegativity Orbital- sp is more stable
34
what is the pka for:
35
Bronsted Lowry acid/base vs Lewis acid/base
Bronsted Lowry acid donates H, base accepts H Lewis acid accepts LP, base donates LP
36
Why does equilibrium favor the weak acid?
Because a strong acid will completely dissociate and go to completion. A weak acid can be slowly moved and controlled/balanced
37
What are the 6 strong acids to know
HCl HI HBr HNO3 HClO4 H2SO4
38
Ka> 1 Ka<1 Which side of equi is favored?
Ka>1 favors products Ka<1 favors reactants. Why? Because ka=[H][A]/[HA]
39
Strong acids will give conjugate bases ________than water
Strong acids will give conjugate bases weaker than water
40
When using ARIO, what are we looking at?
the BASES!!!!
41
What are the 5 steps to recrystallization?
Choosing the Solvent Dissolving the Solute Filtering undissolved impurities Crystallizing the solute Collecting and washing the crystals
42
Recrystallization lab: How to choose the solvent
Like dissolves like Choose the solvent that will dissolve the solute only when you heat the mixture, not at room temp
43
Recrystallization lab: _____ cooling gives the best crystals
SLOW cooling gives the best crystals
44
Recrystallization lab: When do you use gravity filtration vs vacuum filtration?
Gravity is used when filtering undissolved impurities Vacuum is used when collecting and washing the crystals
45
Recrystallization lab: Describe the characteristics of a good solvent
The solid to be recrystallized is very soluble when the solvent is near its boiling temperature and only sparingly soluble when the solvent is at room temperature or below
46
Recrystallization lab: What is the purpose of adding activated carbon/charcoal to a solution during recrystallization?
To remove colored impurities
47
Recrystallization lab: Melting point is a ______ property and can be used to ______
Melting point is a PHYSICAL property and can be used to IDENTIFY A SUBSTANCE
48
Recrystallization lab: What does it mean when a compound melts over a very narrow range? and over a wide range?
It can be assumed that the compound is relatively pure with a narrow range. A wide melting range suggests impure.
49
Recrystallization lab: What is the effect of impurities on the melting range? Why?
Lowering the melting point and widening the range. Impurities disrupt the organization of the pure substance.
50
What is chromatography
technique of separating the mixture of compounds into their individual compounds.
51
Chromatography Lab: List some types of Chromatography
paper, thin layer (TLC), Liquid-liquid, gas, high performance liquid (HPLC)
52
Chromatography Lab: Calculate the Rf
Retention factor = distance traveled by compound / distance traveled by solvent
53
Chromatography Lab: The stronger a compound is bound to the adsorbent, the _________ is moves up the paper/silica
The stronger a compound the slower it moves Nonpolar compounds move up the plate most rapidly
54
Chromatography Lab: Mobile phase vs Stationary phase
Mobile phase is the liquid that moves the sample up the stationary phase. Silica paper was our stationary, the Solvent was our mobile.
55
Chromatography Lab: Adsorbtion
the ability of a substance to "stick" (or be adsorbed) to a surface
56
What is another term for spectator ions?
Counterions. They are always present but not reacting, other than to balance charge
57
Acids strong than ______ cannot be used as a solvent in water. Why?
58
Bases stronger than _____ cannot be used in water. Why?

R's Organic (2 decks)

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