Exam 1 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Define Physiology
A
Study of all life processes that make life happen
2
Q
Anatomy
A
Structure, and form fits function, structure specialized for task
3
Q
Define Homeostasis
A
Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment
4
Q
Internal environment
A
Everything under the skin
5
Q
How many cell do we have/how many are RBC’s
A
35 trillion/25 trillion
6
Q
How to we maintain homeostasis?
A
Body has sensors to notice changing condition, when condition is not normal, body will respond and controller will acto on problem
7
Q
What 4 things do cells need to function?
A
Oxygen
Sugar
Fats
Chemicals(pH buffers)
8
Q
Explain Anesthesia’s relation to homeostasis
A
Sensors and Response are impaired by anesthesia, clintian must be what keeps homeostasis
9
Q
Input is food, what is output?
A
Energy is output
including work, heat, potential energy, and waste products like CO2, H, Solid waste, H20, Urea, Heat
10
Q
What do we call the cell enviornment
A
Extracellular fluid(surrounds cells)
11
Q
Explain Homeostasis peripheral circulatory bed example
A
Cells burn through oxygen and glucose in the ECF
Blood flow in artery is increased because of this increased metabolism/depletion of oxygen and glucose
Blood flow remains increased until environment returns to normal
Venous side
increased metabolism will increase the byproducts
venule will increase flow to remove these byproducts
12
Q
Simple Kidney Homeostasis job
A
Buffer pH and maintain BP
13
Q
Simple GI homeostasis
A
Replace nutrients in blood as they’re consumed
14
Q
Simple Lung homeostasis job
A
Regulate blood gas
15
Q
Simple 2 Heart Homeostasis
A
Lungs supplied with blood for gas exchange
Body is supplied with oxygen/proper nutrients
16
Q
Simple Liver Homeostasis
A
Peroxisomes in liver break down toxins (alcohol)
17
Q
Negative feedback definition
A
+/- changes are sensed and body reacts to oppose or counteract the change
change is negative to stimuli
18
Q
Increased CO2 response
A
increase in ventilation
19
Q
Decreased BP response
A
Sympathetic nervous system up-increase vasopressin
Parasympathetic nervous system decreases
AVP/ADH would go up
ANP would go down
20
Q
What is Positive Feedback
A
stimuli causes change and body responds to amplify this change until a checkpoint or safety valve
21
Q
Vicious Cycle
A
pathologic positive feedback resulting in harm or death
22
Q
Oxytocin as positive feedback
A
Uterus contracts to push fetus to cervix
Cervix exposed to pressure/stretches
oxytocin released from cervical stretch causing uterus to contract
Ending checkpoint is birth
23
Q
Physiologic blood clotting cascade/platelet plug formation
A
Vessel is injured liberating coagulation factors and platelet formation
coagulation speeds up as time passes until coagulation factors are covered up
checkpoint is stopping of bleeding
24
Q
Pathologic Positive feedback
A
feedback loops where system has failed
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Severe hemorrhage feedback loop
BP decreases
Decreases coronary blood flow which decreases CO thus, decreasing BP further
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Sepsis feedback loop
Cells die faster than body can manage and release byproducts into environment which are toxic to other cells, causing more cell death and more byproducts
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Severe Acidosis feedback
CNS affected decreasing the respiratory drive increasing co2 and become more acidodic
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Diabetic renal inflammation/hyperfiltration feedback
Body starts with one million nephrons and they slowly die
As nephrons die, remaining nephrons have more load and are more likely to die eventually leading to renal failure
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Atherosclerotic Plaque Clotting feedback
Plaque builds on artery, when plaque breaks open it releases clotting factors forming a clot further blocking artery
30
Compensated Shock example
Tolerable because vessels tighten up, heart pumps harder, and fluid shifts into intravascular space, BP will return to normal in a couple hours(20% blood loss)
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Decompensated Shock
negative feedback loop is insufficient and BP will not be maintained leading to positive feedback/vicious cycle
(40% blood loss)
S
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Cells are smallest living unit go up in size
Cells have specific task
tissues are cells with same task
organs are collection of tissues
Body environment maintained by organs
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Skin and lung cell specialization
skin is barrier and lungs are thin to promote gas exchange
34
What is a progenitor cell
progenitor cells produce cells that cant replicate (b/c lack nucleus)
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Slow dividing cell examples
Neurons
Cardiac cells
36
Cell needle order
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nuclear membrane
nucleoplasm
nucleolus
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Cell membrane characteristics
Phospholipid bilayer
charged head facing out/inward with uncharged lipid tails
make most of cell barrier
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Cytoplasm Characteristics
chemistry of cytoplasm and reactions keep cell alive
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Nucleus Characteristics
DNA here and is secure through double phospholipid bilayer
Some things can cross nuclear walls such as RNA and steroids
wrong thing crossing could cause cancer
40
Cell composition (except adipose)
70-85% water
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Extension of nuclear wall, compartment of cell
Proteins and Fats are produced here
Calcium is stored in ER
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Rough ER
AKA Granular ER
For protein synthesis and ribosomes are what makes these proteins take RNA and produce proteins
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Smooth ER
No ribosomes and lipid formation happens here
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Golgi apparatus
Post translation(protein synthesis) process take place here
modify proteins then are sent through secretory vesicles or into cytoplasm
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Transport vesicles
protein move through cell in these
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Secretory vesicle
protein moves through cell to cell wall to dump out in these
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Where does translation happen
Ribosomes of the rough ER
48
How do charges molecules get across cell wall?
Proteins on the surface of cells can be transporters through cell wall
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Protein production steps and locations
Nucleus has DNA
DNA is transcribed to RNA
RNA travels to ribosomes for translation
Translation happens in ribosomes in rough ER
amino acids linked to form proteins and either are packaged or sent to golgi for modification
50
Start codon
AUG
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Explain Translation
Ribosome attaches to mRNA and amino acids are formed with transfer RNA to create chains and folds and task will be determined by shape
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Water in the Cell
Cells are 70-85%
water
fat cells are not
acid/base and electrolytes need water in cell
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Electrolytes in cells
proton/electrolyte concentrations must be kept constant
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Organelles of the cell
Parts of cell with specific tasks
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Mitochondria
produce ATP from energy compounds and oxygen
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Lysosome
Digestion organelle
acidic space to destroy old proteins
amino acids are pulled apart and used for new protein synth
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Peroxisome
Destroyer of thing in the cell
processes toxins
Liver has many of these
oxidative stress destroys things through oxidation reactions
ethanol is broken down through this
58
Enzyme
Catalyzes ractions
Usually a protein that ends in "ASE"
speeds up chemical reaction
ATPase for muscle contraction
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Structural components of the cell
Filaments (proteins) prop open and give shape to cell
60
Sugars many uses
Float in cytoplasm and used for energy
Carbohydrate chains used for ID of self or not self
Glycoproteins can anchor to neighbor
Stick and used for adherence but can cause issues if there is too much
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How much water is in the cytoplasm?
70-85%
except for adipose
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Why are cell conditions kepto constant?
Cell is most efficient at constant, stable state, more glucose etc with inefficient metabolism
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What are the 5 organelles in the lecture?
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Mitochondria
Produce ATP from energy compounds and oxygen
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Lysosome Function
Digestion Organelle
Uses acid space to get destroy old proteins
resulting in amino acids that can be reused
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Peroxisome
Destroys things in the cell
Processes Toxins and many are found in the liver
Uses Oxidative stress to break toxins down(incl. ethanol)
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Golgi Apparatus Function
Modifies proteins
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Funciton
Smooth--fat synthesis
rough-protein synth
an extension of nuclear envelope
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What are enzymes for?
catalyze reactions
protein that end in "ase"
speeds up reaction
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Filaments and Membrane Proteins function in cell
filaments give shape and proteins can help crossing membrane
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What are cells uses for sugar?
Used for ATP through glycolysis
Identification tag coming off of membrane
Can be used for adherence but too much can cause issues
Negative charge so can repel proteins
Glyco-
Carboxy-
Carb-
all names for sugars
72
What do the proteins inside the cell mean for the cell?
proteins inside cell give function and genes inside will indicate what protein
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What are the "fats" (lipids) of the cell for?
phospholibid bilayer of membrane
Cholesterol has functions(lipid soluble)
74
What are the motility structures of the cell/what do they do
Cilia--projections that come out of cell to move fluid/mucous
Flagella--projections that move the actual cell
75
Where is the genetic material of the cell?
In DNA in nucleus and then RNA will generate proteins/fats
MItochondrial DNA is outside nucleus
12-20 different sets of mitochondrial DNA
Genetic testing can be done through this
76
Secretory Granules
Vesicles=Granule
dump stuff from cell to space around cell
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Membrane components
Receptors as on/off switches
channels
storage
78
ICF
intracellular fluid
79
Hydrophilic v hydrophobic
Hydrophilic-Charged and like water
NA/K/Cl
NaCl dissolves in water so good to have these
Hydrophobic- uncharged and keeps water away/likes itself
oils
80
Soluble V Insoluble
Soluble
ions
proteins(some)
carbs
gasses
buffers
some drugs
Insoluble
Cholesterol
Steroid hormones
Lipids
drugs(oily ones/ones like propofol coated in lipids)
81
Total water composition of the body
Water is 60% of the mass of the body
2/3 of that is in ICF
1/3 in ECF
of the ECF
1/4-1/5 is in plasma (inside CV system excluding blood cells)
3/4-4/5 is in interstitial fluid
82
Explain steady state
Steady state is the constant levels we keep our body at contributing to homeostasis. This is not equilibrium
83
Plasma v Interstitial comparison
Little difference because capillary membrane is porous
Biggest difference is protein concentration high in plasma low in interstitial. This is because proteins made in CV system need to stay
84
Conditions inside of the cell
ICF
85
Na+
predominant cation in the ECF
ECF concentration 140-142
ICF concentration 14
know it is 10x in the ECF
greatest influence of osmolarity
2x Na value
86
K+
ECF concentration 4mEq/L
ICF concentration 30x ECF
120-126
used in the electrical system of the heart
stays in ICF
87
Ca++
Little to no calcium freely in cell
calcium is on switch especially for neurons and muscle contraction
10,000 to one ECF to ICF
88
Mag+
Used as cofactor inside cell
much Higher inside cell than outside
89
Cl-
Main anion in ECF
much higher in ECF than ICF
90
HCO3-
Bicarb is primary buffer of ECF
managed by the kidney
more in ECF than ICF
91
Phosphate
Additional buffer mainly the intracellular buffer
higher concentration in ICF than ECF
can store energy with attaching/detaching to ATP
adenosine can leave cell but ATP is adenosine and 3 phosphates and cant leave celll
92
Amino acids
Body needs this for proteins
Mainly ICF because that is protein construction and protein breakdown
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Creatine
Inside of skeletal muscles
can be high energy storage compound
mainly ICF
Phosphocreatine burst before ATP is used
94
Lactate
byproduct of metabolism
which happens inside cells
so higher ICF than ECF
95
ATP
Energy storing molecule
adenosine triphosphate
adenosine will leave cell without phosphate(high energy demand) adenosine will open local blood vessels
96
Glucose
Almost all in ECF because most cells don't produce glucose
Delivered through ECF
97
Protein
Plasma has 5x than interstitial
protein is distributed through ECF
highes in ICF
98
Urea
equal across board and byproduct of metabolism
99
Total Osmolarity of Body
predicted is about 300
Electrolytes may combine so dont act as individual compunds
biological osmolarity is 280-283
consistent among 3 compartments because water movement is uninhibited
100
Total Osmotic Pressure
Osmolarity creates lots of pressure
5400 mmHg of pressure
ICP and Na neuroprotection are dependent on not changing these forces
101
What is the glycocalyx
Glycocalyx is the arrangement of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the cell
102
What is a precursor molecule
Molecule in cell wall that will be used/metabolized
non-polar molecules will sit in cell membrane and have polar part sticking out to "pull" out of cell membrane
103
Orientation and reason of phospholipids
Phosphate head is polar and likes to be in contact with water and tails are nonpolar and avoid aqueous surroundings
104
Cholesterol Characteristics
planar and rigid
lipid soluble
is stored in cell walls because whole structure is nonpolar except OH group
Corticosteroid precursor
will cause problems if too many cholesterol cells are in the cell wall
105
% of cholesterol endogenously made
80
106
Cholesterol synthesis starting molecule/what is an inhibitor
Acetyl-CoA/acetoacetyl-CoA
Statins
107
6 Cholesterol Metabolites
Progesterone
Androstendione
Estrodiol
Testosterone
Adrenal Substances: Cortisol, Aldosterone
108
Phosphatidylinositol
PI
smooth muscle contraction
109
Phosphatidylserine
cytosolic
Serene group must face inward
Flipase is the enzyme that flips this membrane protein to have serene face inwards(must use energy). Outward facing could signal cell to go through apoptosis. energy depleted(diseased or not) cells will be killed because of this
110
Phosphatidylcholine
PCh
storage for signal transduction
111
Sphingomyelin
Makes myelin for nervous system
112
What is the order of the prostaglandin pathway including enzymes
Arachidonic acid
cox1/2
PGG
cox1/2
PGI
specific enzyme makes
PGE
113
Simple diffusion
movement down concentration gradient that is not mediated, either pore or something that can go through membrane
Example is Gasses/easy in/out
Could also be channel protein moving down concentration / charge gradient
Aquaporin
114
Facilitated diffusion
Diffusing down concentration gradient but uses protein that makes conformational change
Glut-4 is the protein
No energy used
115
Active transport
Movement using energy to speed up or make possible the movement
116
Primary Active Transport
ATP used to push
Na/K pump 2k in /3 na out
against concentration
Calcium pumps out of cell with ATP
H pumps
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Secondary Active transport
Using energy from gradients to get things across membrane
NCX
sodium calcium exchanger
3 sodium in/1Ca out
uses Na gradient to push Ca out of cell(against electrochemical and concentration gradient)
Na/glucose (SGLT)
Allows glucose to go into cell with Na, this is for speed since both are down gradient(used in kidney)
118
Na/K pump result
3Na out/2K in / uses 1 ATP
119
Na/K pump energy of body used
60-70%
120
Na/K pump and water
The extra sodium pushed out is has an intracellular diuretic effect/without pump or sick cell, there is intracellular edema
aka cell diuretic
121
Primary v Secondary active transport
primary uses ATP
secondary uses indirect energy of electrochemical gradients
122
Na/Ca exchanger result
3Na in pushes 1 Ca out
123
Rate of diffusion for facilitated v simple
simple is linear with concentration gradient/ facilitated will have a Vmax that is related to the speed of conformation change of protein
124
Diffusion rate dependent on
electrochemical gradient and membrane permiability
size of particle
size of pore
number of pores
kinetic movement(heat will speed up diffusion)
physical pressure
125
1mOsm of solute can push mercury
19.3mm up(mmHg)
126
RMP as Vrm is set up by
Primarily by the Na/K pump
127
Reasons the inside of cell is more negative
Na/K pump
proteins are negative in general and hang out by membrane
Cell is 10x more permeable to K than Na at rest
128
Nernst potential
equilibrium potential
relates ion differences across cell
+/- 61 x log(in/out)
cation will use negative sign
anion will use positive sign
129
glycocalyx
the arrangement of the protruding sugars that identify the cell
130
Cell Polarization
difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of cell
131
Depolarized
to become less polar: usually stimulated or turned on
132
Hyperpolarized
to become more polar: usually inhibited and more negative charge/more difficult to excite
133
Repolarization
return to Vm from a depolarized state
134
Action Potential
propagation of electrical signal through the length of cell
depolarization and repolarization
135
Voltage gated Na channel process
at rest: M gate is closed/H gate is open
at activation: M gate opens/H is open
Inactivation: H gate closes ms after M opens
reset M gate and H gate by repolarizing
will be able to participate once repolarized
M is outside gate/activation gate
H is inside gate/inactivation gate
136
Site of action for -caine drugs
Na channels on ECF side
137
Driving force depends on
concentration gradient
charge of ion(+/- or multiple)
138
K channels in an action potential
Closed at rest/open during depolarization but slower than Na and remain open until hyperpolarization and close to return cell to Vrm
139
Conductance
how much ion flow we have travelling across membrane
activation is high conductance/inactivation decreases to resting
140
