EXAM 1 Flashcards
(239 cards)
1
Q
The study and investigation of plants used by native societies across the world. This includes medicinal, cultural, historical, religious, and culinary aspects of plants and people from a botanical and anthropological perspective.
A
Ethnobotany.
2
Q
The study of plants that are useful, or have potential uses, to people and society.
A
Economic Botany.
3
Q
The art and science of growing plants for human health, enjoyment, use, or consumption.
A
Horticulture.
4
Q
The study and practice of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, or land-reclamation.
A
Agronomy.
5
Q
A branch of Paleontology that focuses on identifying plant remains and fossils, and their use in reconstructing past environments and histories.
A
Paleobotany.
6
Q
Coined in 1874 by Stephen Powers, aboriginal botany refers to the study of all forms of plant life that the aborigines or tribal people use for food, medicine, textile, and ornaments. Aboriginal botany gave rise to the modern field of Ethnobotany.
A
Aboriginal Botany.
7
Q
What did John William Harshburger do?
A
in 1896 coined the term ethnobotany.
8
Q
A psycho active cactus commonly used by native Americans for ceremonial purposes.
Who studied this cactus?
A
Peyote Cactus, studied by Richard E. Schultes, studied peyote cactus with amazon native Americans
9
Q
What type of botany gave rise to general ethnobotany as we know it today?
A
Aboriginal Botany.
10
Q
Who first used the term ethnobotany?
A
John William Harshberger
11
Q
What was the first published ethnobotany book, by who?
A
Ethnobotany on medicinal plants used by the rural people of bosnia.
- Leopold Glueck
12
Q
Who is considered the father of ethnobotany?
A
Richard E. Schultes
13
Q
2 Books written by Richard E. Schultes?
A
The healing forest.
The plants of the gods.
14
Q
Any edible plant part that people consume either cooked or raw as part of their regular meals.
A
Vegetable.
15
Q
What is bolting?
What three vegetables does this affect most?
A
When a plant produces flowers in see before ready to harvest. This commonly occurs in cauliflower/ broccoli/ cabbage and lettuce in warmer climates and renders them distasteful.
16
Q
What are 2 vegetables produced from apical stem growth suppression?
A
Cabbage and lettuce.
17
Q
What is the mustard family name?
Name 7 vegetables in this family.
A
Brassicaceae family: Lettuce, Broccoli, Cauliflower, turnips, kohlrabi, kale, brussel sprout.
18
Q
Vegetables derived from brassicaceae?
A
Cruciferous vegetables.
19
Q
What are 3 characteristics of cruciferous/ brassicaceae vegetables?
A
- Tap roots
- Nutrients and antioxidants proven to lower LDL
- Reduces free radicals.
20
Q
2 uses from cabbage?
A
Sauerkraut and kimchee.
(good course vit C) Boy choy is a Chinese cabbage.
21
Q
What 5 vegetables originated in mediterranean?
A
- Beets
- Parsnip
- Cabbage
- Collard
- Kohlrabi
22
Q
What 4 vegetables originated in Asia?
A
- Amaranth greens.
- Spinach
- Chinese cabbage
- Radish
—Celery & Turnips - Eurasia.
23
Q
What 5 vegetables originated in Europe?
A
- Carrot
- Asparagus
- Broccoli
- Brussel Sprouts
- Cauliflower
—Celery & Turnips - Eurasia.
24
Q
Cauliflower and broccoli are which parts of the stem?
A
Terminal (cauliflower also has apical meristem extensions, curds.)
25
What comes from a wild form of kale?
Broccoli and cauliflower.
26
What is broccoflower?
How was it produced traditionally?
A variation of broccoli/ cauliflower. Traditional cauliflower was produced by stopping sunlight from getting to the vegetable, when exposed to light it would be green ie. broccoflower.
(This does not occur in modern cauliflower.)
27
What part is the stem? What is eaten?
Kolhrabi
-Short fat/ flashy stem
- Leaves.
All edible but usually the skin and leaves are peeled to eat the stem.
28
What vegetable originates from un-stunted cabbage?
What is it's cultivated form?
Kale.
The cultivated form of kale is collard greens.
29
What are brusselsprouts?
Vegetables which originate from stunted axillary buds.
30
Petiole?
Leaf
31
What 5 nutrients are abundant in the amaranthaceae family Amaranthaceae?
- A
- C
- B6
- Folic acid
- Calcium
32
What are 4 vegetables in the amaranthaceae family?
- Spinach
- Beets
- Amaranth green
- Quinoa
33
What two nutrients are abundant in spinach?
Folic Acin and non-heme iron (do not eat W/ Dairy- no absorption.
Best= Cooked + Vit C)
34
What family is asparagus in?
Asparagaceae- monocot family
35
What is Basella?
From basellaceae family, Malabar spinach.
36
A horizontal underground stem that can grow shoots and roots to create a new plant
Rhizome, Think asparagus.
It is NOT a root!! Brown in color due to lack of sunlight.
37
What are two nutrients abundant in asparagus?
Folic acid and dietary fiber.
38
Horseradish/ drumstick tree?
Moringa tree, family: Moringaceae
39
What tree has higher percentage of Ca, Protein, Mg, K, Fe, Vit A & C?
Moringa tree: Historically India cooked the leaves and young fruits.
Eaten Modern: Raw, cooked, powdered.
Helps food insecure communities.
40
Wild plant are carrots derived from?
Wild Queen Annes lace. (OG purple)
41
What is responsible for carrots orange color?
Beta Carotene ---> vit A.
42
Moringa Tree with seed pods.
43
Parsnips.
44
What are the 3 types of beets?
- Swiss Chard: Leafy, yellowish root- used to feed livestock.
- Vegetable Beet
- Sugar Beet: Used to produce sugar.
45
What has the highest sugar content of all vegetables and is low in calories?
Beets.
46
What is one of the oldest known crops?
Turnips.
47
What vegetable is high in Dietary fiber, Vit C, B6, Folic Acid, Ca, K, Cu?
Turnips.
48
Rutabaga
49
Turnips.
50
What is canola oil produced from?
Canola plant- a derivate of turnip & rutabaga.
51
What vegetable is given a wax coat for transport?
Rutabaga, due to it's low moisture content.
52
What family is raddish?
Mustard/ Brassicaceae.
53
What are the four nutrients radish is abundant in?
Folic Acid, Vit C, B6 and fiber.
54
What are two examples of vegetable that are rhizomes?
Ginger, Sunchoke. NOT roots!
Asparagus has rhizomes, but they are not the vegetable.
55
What is a Corm?
A Short/ Thick Rhizome.
56
What is a Bulb?
Shortened/ Thick/ Compressed Root with fibrous roots. (Think Onions and Tulips.)
57
What are Tubers?
Swollen tip of stem extension called Stolons.
(Think Potatoes and cassava.)
58
Cassava.
59
What other three names does cassava go by?
Manioc/ Tapioca/ Yuca.
60
Can you eat raw cassava?
NO, it contains compounds which your body can/ will convert into cyanide contained in the latex of the plant.
: (
61
What is farofa?
Cassava flour.
62
What are sago pearls?
Rounded balls of starch made from the pith of a sago palm, sorta like tapioca, used in some puddings.
Made from sago powder.
63
What is Sabudana?
Cassava version of Sago powder, used for tapioca pearls.
64
What are three vegetables from the Solanaceae family
Potatoes, bell peppers, and tomatoes.
65
What kind of root is jicama?
Tuber.
66
Where did white potatoes originate?
Andes mountain South America
67
What family are sweet potatoes, what else are they known as?
Morning glory family.
Some people call them yams, but true yams are monocots and sweet potatoes are dicots.
68
World leading producer of sweet potatoe?
China.
69
What are yams and sweet potatoes?
Tubers.
70
How are yams culitvated?
Asexually.
71
What is yam cult?
This is where the size of the Yam represent the status of the owner.
72
What tuber contains a higher protein?
Yams. They also contain oxalate, B6 Folate and fiber.
73
What have the presence of glycosides in inedible varieties of yams led to the production of?
Certain birth controls.
74
What is taro?
A corm from Araceae, that originated in southeast asia.
Apical buds of the corm can be used for asexual propagation.
75
What does taro contain?
Strach, minor protein, & Ca from Ca oxalate crystals- reason for cooking.
76
What is taro dish in hawaii?
Poi
77
8 vegetables from "modified" stems?
- Potatoes
- Taro
- Ginger
- Sunchoke
- Onion
- Yam
- Sweet potato
- Cassava
78
What are vegetables part of the alliaceae?
- Onion
- Garlic
- Shallots
- Leeks
- Chives
79
Why is family alliaceae so pungent? (think garlic and onion.)
Due to sulfuric compounds --> sulfuric acid.
80
Red/ Blue/ Purple pigment abundant in red beans/ blueberries/ cranberries/ purple corn/ red cabbage/ red potatoes and strawberries?
Anthocyanins.
81
White/ Cream/ Yellow pigment abundant in Turnips/ parsnip/ beets/ yellow cactus pear?
Anthoxanthins.
82
Orange/ bright green pigment abundant in carrots/ collard greens/ kale/ spinach/ broccoli/ cantaloupe/ apricots/ pumpkin
Beta-carotene. (anti-oxidant.)
83
Black/ colorless pigment abundant in black/ green/ white teas and dark chocolate
Catechins
84
Green/ Red pigment abundant in artichokes/ avocado/ spinach/ broccoli and kale
Folate
85
Orange/ pink/ red pigment abundant in red peppers/ pink guava/ tomato and watermelon?
Lycopene
86
Green pigment common in artichokes/ kale/ collard greens/ spinach/ squash/ carrots and lettuce.
Lutein
87
Dark red/ purple pigment abundant in purple grapes?
Resveratrol
88
What are fructose/ sucrose/ maltose/ cellulose/ starch examples of? what are they converted into?
Carbohydrates, these are converted into glucose, except for cellulose which only provides fiber and not nutritional value but is still needed for healthy digestion.
89
Where are soluble fibers found, use?
Found in pectin, mucilage and gums and can help reduce LDL.
Apples and oats are rich in soluble fibers.
90
What protein plant sources?
Legumes, soy beans, lentils, nuts and chickpeas. Said to have more diverse sets of amino acids.
91
What two amino acids are abundant in chocolate and quinoa?
Lysine and tryptophan
92
What two plant oils have saturated fats (bad)?
Palm and coconut oil.
93
What plants sources are abundant in calcium? (8)
most nuts, broccoli, artichoke, kale, spinach, asparagus, orange, and blackberries.
94
What plants are good sources of nonheme iron? (7)
Dark green vegetables, dried fruits, sweet potatoes, legumes, whole grains, enriched breads and cereals.
95
What mineral is necessary to uptake iron?
copper.
96
What are two good plant sources of copper?
Kiwi and lima beans.
97
What are two good plant sources of potassium?
Banana, avocado, and most nuts. (red potatoes.)
98
What is a good source of selenium? (rare to be deficient.)
Nuts.
99
What are 5 good sources of zinc?
Nuts, kiwi, blackberries, lima beans and corn.
100
What are 6 water soluble vitamins?
Vit C, B complex vitamins: Thiamin, Riboflavin, niacin, biotin, and folic acid.
(Fruits, legumes, whole grains, seeds, and leafy green vegetables.)
101
What are 4 fat-soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K. D can only be obtained from sun/ animal sources.
(Seeds, Fruits, carrots, broccoli, and spinach.)
102
What color are carotenoids?
Orange/ red/ yellow/ bright green.
103
What color are flavonoids?
Blue/ Purple/ Black.
104
Which vegetable is most known for it's lycopene content?
Tomatoes.
105
What is bulrush also known as?
Totorocane.
106
Where did the white potato originate from?
South America.
107
Where is corn native to?
Mexico
108
Where is sugar cane native to?
New guinea and pacific islands.
109
Where is banana native to?
Australia.
110
Where is cassava native to?
South America.
111
Vase from Moche, Peru showing three corn gods.
112
Crete, Mediterranean sculpture showing poppy capsules.
113
Chimu culture, Peru Potato pot
114
Greek coin showing barley.
115
Who wrote "Tales of a shamans apprentice"
Where was his research focused?
Mark Plotkin.
Focused in Suriname/ Colombia/ Brazil -all South America.
116
Who explored the amazon & Andes studying Caapi?
What is Caapi also known as?
Edmund Wade Davis
-Ayahuasca
117
Who collected many plant samples for the New York Botanical Garden?
Explored Asia, South America and Parts of Europe.
Michael J Balick.
118
Who is Associated with the green pharmacy program?
James A. Duke.
119
Where does rice originate?
South east asia.
120
Where does celery originate?
Mediterranean.. think greek.
121
Where do carrots originate?
Mediterranean
122
Where do avocados originate?
Mexico
123
where does wasabi originate?
Japan
124
Where does Soy originate?
China
125
Where does reed plant originate?
Marsh FL & CA
126
What is pectin?
This is a structural component of plant walls and denatures with heat and causes the vegetable to soften. it is a soluble fiber.
127
What are two oils high in polyunsaturated fatty acids? (good)
Sesame oil and corn.
128
What are the essential fatty acids? (2)
What are two good plant sources?
Omega 3 & 6
-Walnuts/ flaxseed.
129
What are three nutrients broccoli is abundant in?
A, K, Ca.
130
What is Quercitin?
What it is abundant in? (2)
A type of flavonoid abundant in red onions and blueberries.
131
Who is the father of binomial nomenclature?
Carl Linneas.
132
What 7 vegetables are derived from hypocotyl? (embryonic type of stem?)
Beets, carrots, parsnip, radish, rutabagas, daikons, and turnips.
133
Which vegetable is derived from a swollen petiole?
Celery
134
Which vegetable is derived from unopen flower buds?
broccoli.
135
Which vegetable is derived from proliferated stem tips?
Cauliflower
136
Which vegetable is derived from a storage stem?
Kohlrabi.
137
Why are they called cruciferous vegetables?
Their produced flowers resemble a cross.
138
What is Brocco-rabe a cross of?
Broccoli and radish.
139
What does Oleracea mean?
Kitchen garden.
140
What is something red cabbages are abundant in that green are not as?
Flavonoids.
141
What plant part is the cabbage head?
Modified leaves.
142
What is the carrot family?
Apiaceae and includes celery.
143
What is the greek meaning of celery?
What are it's medicinal uses?
Life and fertility
Help W/ Hypertension.
144
What is celeriac?
Rooted celery, the root is the vegetable.
145
What was the world spinach producer?
Crystal City, Texas.
they have a popeye sailor statue in commemoration.
146
What family is lettuce in? what is this family also known as?
Asteraceae- The Sunflower Family.
147
What does Sative Mean?
Cultivated.
148
What is a use of chicory?
Coffee substitute.
149
What can Malabar spinach help with?
Constipation, has a cooling effect and helps with stomach irritation.
150
What is the plant portion between the stem and root?
Hypocotyl.
151
What family is the carrot family?
Apiaceae.
152
What was the OG carrot color?
Purple, still exist in afganistan.
153
What is betacarotene coverted into?
Vit A.
154
What type of beet is higher in antiooxidant?
Swiff chard/ Leaf beet.
155
Who discovered sucrose/ Sugar use in beets?
Andreas Marggraf.
156
What does campestris mean?
Perfectly formed.
157
What does vulgaris mean?
Common
158
A group of flowers arranged in a single cluster?
inflorescence.
159
What are two vegetables derived from storage roots?
Cassava and sweet potato.
160
Cassava AKA:
Manoic
161
What is Farofa?
Cassava Flour.
162
Central Andes Natives made what from died white potato?
Chuno- Dry mass of cellulose and starch.
163
What is solanine, how does it affect white potatoes?
This is a toxic glyco agent that become produced in potatoes that have too much sun exposure and turns them green.
164
What are sapogenic glycosides?
Toxin produced in wild yams- inedible.
Cultivated yams have less but still not to been cooked to eliminate risk. Same with cassava.
165
What vegetable is derived from corm?
Taro AKA Dasheen.
166
What vegetable is derived from the bulb?
Onion.
167
What two vegetables are derived from tuberous roots?
Cassava and sweet potato
168
What is poi made from?
Taro- A Hawiian dish.
169
What part of the Chive is eaten?
Leaves only.
170
What causes the pungent scent of onion?
Sulfur compounds.
171
What does artichoke name mean?
Arabic- earth thorn.
172
What plant modification is the artichoke?
What is the modification called?
immature inflorescence.
This is called Capitulum- a type of inflorescence and refers to the head of artichoke.
173
Rhizome and Corm are both modified what?
Stems.
Corm is swollen underground stem base (Taro).
Rhizome is a stem which grows underground and produces more plant- connected by stolons.
174
Corm Vs bulb?
Both are modified swollen stem bases and are round, but bulbs will be surrounded by fleshy leaf base layers.
175
What is a cladophyll?
A flattened leaf like stem.
176
Name two example of rhizome vegetables:
Ginger and Turmeric.
177
Name 5 vegetables from monocots?
Onions, Garlic, asparagus, yams, and leaks.
178
A mature ovary and it's contents?
Fruit: apple, beans, okra, corn, coconut etc.
179
Perocarp
Fruit wall/ ovary wall.
180
What are the seeds of fruits?
Ovules.
181
Unfertilized, but mature overy fruit?
Parthenocarpic.
182
Accessory fruits plant name?
Sepals.
183
Develops from ovary, thin exocarp, merged meso and endocarp.
Berry: tomatoes, blue berry, avocado.
184
Superior ovary, thin exocarp, exocarp is flashy or fibrous, endocarp in stoney and encloses a pit.
Drupe/ stone fruits: Peach, cherries, mango, almonds.
185
Semi-inferior ovary, non ovary tissue around the seed becomes part of the fruit- accessory fruit. Thin exo and endo carp. mesocarp is fleshy.
Pome fruits: apple, pear,
186
inferior ovary non ovary tissue around the seed becomes part of the fruit- accessory fruit. Exocarp forms thick hard "rind", meso and endocarp are fleshy. many seeds.
Pepo fruits: Pumpkin, water melon
187
Superior ovary, leathery exocarp, spongy mesocarp and endocarp filled with thin juice filler "hairs"
Hesperidium- Oranges, grapefruit, lemons.
188
single flower with many separate ovaries resulting in one fruit?
Aggregate fruit: Strawberry, blackberry.
189
Multiple flowers of an inflorescence resulting in one fruit.
Multiple fruit: figs, Pineapple.
190
Name 4 berries:
Blue berry, guava, kiwi, cranberry.
191
Name 3 drupes:
Coconut, cherry, olive,
192
Name 2 poms
Quince, pear. (semi inferior)
193
Name 2 pepos:
All squash (pumpkin), Watermelon. (inferior)
194
What ovary is hesperidium derived from?
Superior Citrus.
195
What 5 types of fruit are single flower/ single ovary?
Berries, Drups, Pomes, Pepos and hesperidium.
196
Name two multiple fruits:
Mulberry, Noni
197
Name two aggregate fruits:
Raspberry, custard apple.
198
What are the four subfamilies of Rosaceae fruits?
- Maloideae: pome fruits- Apple and pears.
- Amygdaloideae: Stone fruits- Peaches, cherries, apricots, plums.
- Rosoideae: Aggregate fruits- strawberry and rose hips.
- Spiraeoideae: Dry and inedible
199
What stone fruit belongs to a different family?
Mangoes- anacardiaceae family
200
What the accessory tissues of fruit?
tissue that does not include the ovary, such as the receptacle.
201
Name 5 stone fruits:
Peach- rose fam- amygdaloideae.
Plum- rose fam- rosaceae
Apricot- rose fam- rosaceae
Cherry- rose fam- rosaceae
Almonds- rose fam- prunoideae
202
What is the gourd family of flowering fruits?
Curcurbitaceae family
Includes squashes & melons
203
What are the three sisters?
Corn, Bean, Squash- these plants are commonly grown together and create their own cycle of ground nourishment.
204
What chemicals are in squash seeds?
Sulfur containing compounds.
205
What are the uses of squash?
Flesh can be eaten
flowers commonly added to soups
leaves are vegetables.
206
Where did watermelon originate?
Africa, now mostly grown in texas and california.
Watermelon has acidic pulp and sugary water.
207
What is the berry of a citrus plant called?
Hesperidium, which is in the family Rutaceae. develop from superior ovary.
208
What are 7 Hesperidium fruits?
- Oranges
- Tangerines
- Citron
- Grapefruit
- Lemon
- Lime
- Pummelo
- cumquat
209
What is the largest citrus fruit?
Pummelo Grapefruit x Orange mix.
210
Name two fruits in the Ericaceae family:
Blueberry- has flavonoids
Cranberry- antioxidant rich "super fruit"
211
Name 4 fruits in the moraceae family
- Fig
- Jackfruit
- Breadfruit
- Mulberry
212
What pairs poorly with jackfruit?
Soda
213
How is jackfruit eaten?
How to know when ripe?
The flesh can be eaten and the seeds are commonly boiled to be eaten.
Ripeness is only told by the smell.
214
Where do figs originate from?
Mediterranean.
215
Syconium of fig?
The hollow receptacle which develops into a multiple fruit.
216
What is different from wild and cultivated figs?
Wild figs have an elaborate pollination process and cultivated figs are grown by cuttings.
217
What is a tree that grows a smaller fig-like fruit?
Banyan tree.
218
What is the paw paw family known as?
Annonaceae- 1 flower many ovaries.
219
What 5 fruits are in the annonaceae/ paw paw family
aggregate fleshy fruit
custard apple
sweetsop
soursop
cherimoya
220
Where is kiwi native to?
What time period is significant to kiwis?
China, used to be called chinese gooseberry
"Fruits of the 80's"
221
What is pavlova?
A meringue dessert that commonly uses kiwis.
222
What is actinidin?
a chemical which tenderizes meat derived from kiwis.
223
Where is start fruit native to?
What is it?
indonesia. This fruit also has calcium oxalate crystals- sour taste harmful if consumed excessively from this fruit.
This is a berry.
224
where is guava native to?
What is it abundant in?
What is it?
Central america
vitamin C
berry- "Superfruit"
Same family as the bottlebrush plant.
Has red and white varieties.
Lower in sugar.
225
Where is banana native to?
What is it?
How is it produced?
Australia
Pseudo-Berry
Parthenocarpic- unfertilized mature ovary.
226
What religion is passion fruit associated with?
Christianity, due to it having 5 stamens, and 5 petals
10 decibels of jesus
flower corona looks like crown of thorns
purple- purple jesus robe
3 days for flower to bloom- 3 days to rise.
227
What is passion fruit?
A vine with tendrils, we eat the aril- the fleshy seed coat.
228
What is an aril?
Fleshy seed coat- what is eaten in passion fruit.
229
What is pomegranate in french?
What does it symbolize in asia?
What part is eaten and isn't
Greek association?
What ethnicity introduced to the new world?
Grenade
Fertility and abundance
the aril is eaten, the hard brittle pericarp is not.
Persephone and winter association
introduced to new world by the spanish
230
Name 2 drupes and 3 drup-like fruits.
Mango & dates.
Avocado, rambutan, and lychee- drupe-like.
231
in what culture are date fruit significant?
bedoin people
They once had a food scarce event and date fruit kept them alive.
Dates are dioecious- male and female separate.
232
What are dates abundant in?
Tannins
Fiber
natural sugar
233
Where are dates grown
how are they commonly pollinated?
Dry areas
Helicopter will use male tree pollen and drop it on female trees.
they are currently working to make dates which do not need pollination.
234
What family is Anacardiaceae known as?
poison ivy family
- mangoes are in this family, recall their sap can cause blisters.
235
What is mango seed used for?
Medicinal- helps control bleeding.
236
What fruit is a symbol of hospitality to native americans?
Pineapple- origin in brazil.
237
What kind of fruit is pineapple?
A multiple fruit- parthenocarpic.
Also used in arrow poison concoctions.
238
Who discovered that pineapple grow very well in hawaii?
James dole.
239
Where is papaya native to?
What is the unripe use?
central america.
unripe used for latex also used for chewing gum and cosmetics.
