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FIVS 215 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Anatomical Orientation

A

Terminology used when describing the location where evidence was found
1. superior vs. inferior
2. medial vs. lateral
3. dorsal vs. ventral
4. proximal vs. distal

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2
Q

Antony Von Leeuwenhoek

A

made the simple microscope spheres of ground molten glass

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3
Q

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

A

3 tube , 2 lense microscope (compound microscope)

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4
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Invented modern micrscope and used it to see cells

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5
Q

Carl Zeiss

A

Built microscope with Ernest Abbe, the Stereo-microscope ; Zeiss Microscope

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6
Q

august Kohler

A

developed Kohler illumination

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7
Q

Kohler Illlumination Steps

A
  1. Focus on whats on the slide and make sure condenser 0.5 cm from the bottom of the coverslip
  2. close the field diaphram until you see a circle
  3. move condenser up and down until the edges of the circle become sharp like a hexagon
  4. center condenser
  5. open the field diaphram
  6. take out one of the eye pieces and focus the back field by adjusting the substage aperature
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8
Q

Visible light

A

red: 750-620
orange: 620-580
yellow: 580-570
green: 570-500
blue: 495-450
indigo: 450-425
Violet: 450-380

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9
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

longest wavelength to shortest; longer equals less energy while shorter means more energy

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10
Q

Converging Lenses

A

Lenses that produce a real image that you can see, wider middle

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11
Q

Diverging lenses

A

Lenses that produce a virtual image apart of the image forming plane, thin middle

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12
Q

Lens Formula

A

1/f = 1/p + 1/q

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13
Q

Magnification formula

A

m = q/p

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14
Q

Reduction equation

A

p/q (1/Magnification)

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15
Q

How compound microscopes form images

A
  1. Specimen is illuminated from below, this light goes into the objective lens
  2. Objective lens produce a real, inverted image
  3. This image form is then inverted again in the microscope tube
  4. Eye piece magnifies this real image and projects a virtual image onto the viewer’s eyes.
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16
Q

Back focal plane of objective

A

Plane behind the objective lense

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17
Q

Conjugate focal planes

A

optical planes responsible for image forming and illumination

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18
Q

List the Image-forming ray planes that should be in conjugate focus in order to ensure good Kohler illumination.

A

Field diaphragm, specimen, eyepiece field stop, and retina or the eye or film plane.

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19
Q

List the Illuminating-forming ray planes that should in conjugate focus in order to ensure good Kohler illumination.

A

Light source, substage condenser, aperture diaphragm, the back focal plane of the objective lens and eyepoint of the eyepiece.

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20
Q

Least distance of vision?

A

25 cm.; least distance which the eye can see

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21
Q

Stereoscope

A

to help view at two images separately

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22
Q

Angular Aperture

A

maximum angle made by the image forming light rays

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23
Q

Infinity optics

A

When light rays pass though the objective lens and become parallel light ray, this then allows for optical components to be added without affecting the image formation.

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24
Q

Color temperature

A

color characteristics of light based on temperature, warmer is redder while hotter is bluer

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25
Numerical Aperture (NA) + resolving power
the lenses ability to capture light from the specimen and use it to make an image off certain angles. - Tied with resolving power, higher resolving power means higher NA is desired
26
NA equation
NA = n*Sin*(AA/2) NA= n*sin*u n = refraction u = angle formed aa = angular aperture
27
Field Diaphragm
limit the area of illumination to the part of the image field actually being viewed
28
Condenser
provides converging cone of light through the specimen
29
substage aperture
allows control of specimen contrast and image quality by controlling angle of illumination
30
Objective lens
capture light emitted or reflected by the specimen
31
Ocular lens
magnifies image produced by the objective so you can see it
32
Plan
Flat field optical corrections
33
Oil
Oil immersion
34
N.A
Numerical aperture
35
Infinity symbol
infinity corrected tube length
36
Cover glass thickness
0.17 mm
37
Working Distance
distance between objective front lens and the cover slip, WD decrease, magnification increases
38
Tube Length
length of microscope body tube from nosepiece to objective, usually 160 mm
39
airy's disk
sin (a) = 1.22(lambda)/ When light hits a perfectly circular aperture, a bright central peak forms, followed by a series of rings that decrease in brightness)
40
Abbe's rule of thumb
maximum useful magnification equals NA*1000, excess results in empty magnification
41
Max and min magnification formulas
max: NA * 1000 min: NA * 500
42
Index of Refraction equation
RI = Speed of light in air / speed of light in substance
43
Snell's law
n = sin(i)/ sin(r)
44
Refraction is when
light passes from one medium through another.
45
specular vs diffuse reflection
specular is on smooth surfaces and light rays reflect at the same angle. Diffuse is on rougher surfaces and scatters light rays in different directions
46
Refraction
Bending of light through a medium into another due to a change in the speed of light ray or the wave
47
Dispersion equation
Nd-1/Nf-Nc
48
Critical Angle
smallest incident angle where inflection occurs
48
Dispersion Curve
refractive index vs wavelength, at some point the grain and oil intersect
49
Becke line dispersion
Higher RI particle than medium, line moves inwards. Lower RI than medium then line moves outwards
50
Oblique illumination method
When you cover half of the field diaphragm and see where the shadow lies. RI on same side means particle is higher while on opposite side means RI is lower.
51
Resolution
optically distinguish two points when they're close together
52
Calibrated ocular micrometer
micrometers per ocular scale division
53
Stage micrometer
Slide with with the ruler on it
54
GRIM 3
modern microscope used in most crime labs
55
Aberration
changes in focal points based on where waves entered
56
Spherical aberration
Focal points change depending where light enters the lens, light rays entering farther away from the center are unable to converge at a focal point therefore causing a fuzzy image.
57
Chromatic Aberration
Each color refracts differently
58
Curvature of Field
Image is focused on one particular plane and produced a curved image. can be corrected using an expensive lens or the poor man’s method (closing down in the edges)
59
Barrel Distortion
Barrel magnification decreases as you go out
60
Pin cushion distortion
Magnification increases as you go out
61
Astigmatism
eye is shaped different internally which causes light to bend differently when it enters your eyes.
62
Diffraction equation
n(lambda)=dSin(theta)
63
Abbe's diffraction Theory of Image Formation
(0.5)(lambda)/NA - image is formed by the diffraction of light waves from an object. More diffracted orders means more resolution.
64
Lord Rayleigh's Criteria
0.61(lambda)/NA - standard for determining the the minimum resolvable detail in an optical device
65
4. How should you measure the thickness of a strongly trilobal fiber?
You measure from the middle to the ends.

FIVS 215 (3 decks)

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