exam 1

Question 1

contingency

Answer 1

response -> outcome
no response -> no outcome

Question 2

spinal reflex arc

Answer 2

the neural pathway that controls a reflex action, which is a rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus

Sensory (Afferent) Neuron ->Interneuron -> Motor (Efferent) Neuron

afferent - coming in
efferent - coming out

Question 3

sensitization

Answer 3

magnitiude of response increases or remains high everytime stimulus is present

Question 4

Plato

Answer 4

all knowledge is innate. We are born with all of the knowledge we will ever know but it only comes out when you’re in the right conditions

Question 5

Aristotle

Answer 5

all knowledge is acquired. We are only born with the ability to learn. We are a blank slate

Question 6

Descartes

Answer 6

some human behavior appears reflexive or automatic and our physical body is like a machine– can be described by physical laws and governed by rules

Question 7

School of reflexology

Answer 7

proposed that all behavior can be explained by reflexes. And voluntary behavior only looks voluntary because the eliciting stimulus is too faint to notice

Question 8

Scientific materialism

Answer 8

we don’t have a soul- we are all just machines. inspired by darwin/evolution

Question 9

Occum’s razor

Answer 9

explanation with the least work is usually right

Question 10

Locke

Answer 10

all knowledge is acquired through experience.

Question 11

Contiguity

Answer 11

association of those elements that are close together in time and space

Question 12

Repetition

Answer 12

the more times two things occur together, the stronger the association becomes

Question 13

james mill - Vividness (salience)

Answer 13

the rate of learning will depend on how noticeable the stimuli are

Question 14

john stuart mill -emergent properties

Answer 14

associating learning may result in behaviors that are different from the elements that created them

Question 15

Problem w armchair theorists

Answer 15

argued for their theories in papers using reason and logic but had no experimental evidence

Question 16

Systematic introspection and problem

Answer 16

systematic study of the elements that make up our associations
Problem- subjective and not publicly verifiable

Question 17

Behaviorism

Answer 17

behavior is learned thru interaction with the environment

Question 18

Law of effect-

Answer 18

if a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying event, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened

Question 19

four components of classical conditioning

Answer 19

unconditioned response
conditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus

Question 20

thorndike

Answer 20

scientist that first demonstrated the power of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior

Question 21

instrumental conditioning

Answer 21

reinforcement and punishment are used to increase or decrease the probability that a behavior will occur again in the future
positive reinforcement: providing award increases likelihood of behavior
positive punishment: adding something undesirable decreases likelihood of behavior
negative reinforcement: removing something negative increases likelihood
negative punishment: removing desirable stimulus decreases likelihood

Question 22

differences between pavlovian and instrumental conditioning

Answer 22

pavlovian:
- experimenter has control of conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
- subject is passive and has no control over stimuli
-conditioned response is voluntary
instrumental:
- subject has control of whether they receive the outcome
-learning depends on contingency (relationship between the response and outcome)
-response is voluntary

Question 23

contingency

Answer 23

relationship between events, where one event is dependent on another