exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
role strain & coping
A
role strain: stress that comes from trying to balance and “live up” to multiple roles
coping
- transferring resources (either behavioral or cognitive) from one domain to another.
- can be a positive or negative for addressing stress, depending on how it’s utilized.
2
Q
in a stepfamily, which subsystem has more tension and disagreement surrounding child-rearing?
A
the stepcouple coparenting subsystem
3
Q
predictors of infidelity
A
cheating is a culmination of negative relationship processes
- couple communication !!! most consistent
- others include avoidant attachment, more perceived alternatives, narcissism, neurotic partner
4
Q
in a stepfamily, which subsystem is likely the least understood?
A
the sibling subsystem
5
Q
adaptation vs. resiliency
A
- adaptation: change of behaviors, thoughts, values, and tendencies in reaction to stress
- resiliency: individuals and families that benefit from stressful events
6
Q
elements of the ABC-X model
A
A: stressor event
B: family resources
C: perception or meaning
X: stress or crisis
7
Q
helen fisher’s model (2016) on love
A
- sexual drive: motivation to pursue a variety of potential partners (low personal control)
- romantic love: motivation to form a relationship and become exclusive (a little more personal control)
- attachment: motivation to stay in a relationship (higher personal control)
8
Q
key to level of parenting stress felt
A
family processes: roles, rituals, communication, and discipline
9
Q
focal points of stress in the (normative) transition to parenthood
A
- decision to conceive
- pregnancy
- birth
- adjustment to parenthood
10
Q
average gender differences
A
- women more agreeable, men more aggressive
- women more neurotic (threat sensitive)
- women have more interest in people, men more interest in things
- differences in partner preferences and sexual behaviors
- no differences in math ability or IQ more broadly
11
Q
parenting strategies
A
- cocooning: shielding and protecting from outside influences
- pre-arming: teaching children to confront outside influences
- deferring: giving children freedom to make their own decisions
12
Q
types of stress related to every day hassles
A
- pile-up stress: the accumulation of stressful events and perceptions
- spill-over stress: stressful events from one area of our lives create stress in unrelated areas of our lives
- work-family spillover: stress from work domain spills-over to family domain, bi-directional, especially for working moms
13
Q
friendship divorce
A
who gets to keep which friends (including in-laws)?
GOAL: separate couple support systems and rearrange them into individual support systems
14
Q
boundary ambiguity in step families
A
- stepparents struggle to find a place
- presence of bio parents complicates issues
- children’s acceptance of stepparents is complicated by loyalty
- favoring biological children
15
Q
social constructivist model of sexual identity (herowitz & newcomb)
A
social constructivist
- identity formation is an ongoing two-way process between the individual and social environments
- sexual identity is maintained through social interaction and is fluid, no end point
16
Q
caregivers of those with physical illness report:
A
- more depression
- their own health symptoms
- more doctors’ visits
- spiritual and personal growth
17
Q
divorce rate trend
A
peak in 1980s, gradual decline since then, low in 2019
18
Q
trends of stay at home dads
A
- not regarded highly by others
- like spending time with their kids, but have a hard time interacting with other adults
19
Q
“essentialist” stage model of sexual identity (herowitz & newcomb)
A
essentialist
- underlying “real” sexual identity (genetic)
- awareness of identity
- integration of sexual identity into self
20
Q
stress in family systems theory
A
- individual stress adds to family stress
- placed on the entire family system, the unit is greater than the sum of its parts
21
Q
infertility’s influence
A
- increased stressors: hope-despair cycle, changing life goals, communication problems, comparison stress
- grief of perceived or actual loss
- depression/negative feelings (perhaps especially in women)
22
Q
likelihood of step families
A
1 out of every 3 americans is either a step-child, a step-parent, or is involved in a blended/stepfamily some other way
- most common is female parent’s children only
23
Q
which types of factors are the best predictors of infidelity (allen et al.)
A
observed communication
24
Q
virtues “transformative processes in marriage” (fincham et al.)
A
- forgiveness
- commitment
- sacrifice
- sanctification
25
how does parental investment differ across adoption context (i.e., international, private, foster)?
(werum et al.)
- higher parental involvement was linked to international adoption
- domestic (private/foster) adoptive parents don't invest more than regular non-adoptive parents
26
interventions for families with physical illness
- family systems
- biopsychosocial model (medical, mental health, social, and *spiritual supports)
27
vulnerability-stress-adaptation model
- daily hassles and adaptive processes have a reciprocal relationship
- adaptive processes and family well-being have a reciprocal relationship
- enduring vulnerabilities and daily hassles have inverse relationships with family well-being, but adaptive processes moderate this relationship
- all variables are situated within the ecological niche and influenced by chance occurrences
28
trends of maternal employment
- lack of flexible work environments makes things a lot harder for mothers (having to choose between advancing in careers and focusing on family)
- flexible work hours in dual income families can relieve adverse effects
- employed mothers are less disliked when working out of financial necessity rather than personal fulfillment
29
which subsystem is particularly fragile when a stepfamily is formed?
the stepparent-stepchild subsystem
30
communication vs. virtues
many marital conflict programs focus only on communication skills, but this doesn't work on its own.
fincham et al. says that virtues as transformative processes are also needed.
31
in a stepfamily, which subsystem has the longest shared history?
the parent-child subsystem
32
what domains of study have focused on boundary ambiguity? (carroll et al.)
- MIA families
- death of a family member
- divorce, remarriage, & stepfamilies
- family illness
33
the benefits of shifting perspective through mindfulness
- pain doesn't decrease, but unpleasantness of pain does (shifts the EMOTIONAL APPRAISAL)
- can improve the perception of family realationships
34
mortality salience
realization of mortality and the inevitability of death
- linked to motivation to repair and improve family relationships
- constraints force us to prioritize the things that matter most to us
35
gap between parents wanting to adopt and actually adopting
33% want to, 2% actually do
- application process
- finances
- eligibility requirements
- matching prospects
36
potential causes of rise in child chronic illness (doubled+ since 1994)?
- changes in diet
- physical activity
- media use
- hygiene hypothesis
- changes in adult supervision
37
3 challenges for mental illness in families
1. the challenge of cause and effect
2. the challenge of ambiguous disease
3. the challenge of the uncooperative member
38
internal vs. external stress
- internal stress: feelings of anxiety/anxiousness due to perception that change in event/person/source is troubling or challenging
- external stressor: a challenging change in event/person/source that may cause anxiety/anxiousness
39
negative parental resources + examples
potential or latent vulnerabilities of parents and parent-child relationships to stressors and crisis events
- ex. poor mental health, lack of knowledge, lack of support from co-parent/extended family, economic struggles, etc.
40
boundary ambiguity
boundaries are a key aspect of family systems - who is in and outside of the family
- may be made unclear through divorce, death, illness, etc.
- unclear or undefined boundaries lead to undefined role and task assignments which undermine family functioning
41
tasks of parenting (six S's)
provide...
- safety (basic needs)
- support (emotional/social)
- stimulation
- structure
- social connectedness
- surveillance
42
adoption specific therapy
- trust
- developmental understanding of adoption experience
- loss and grief
- attachment
- identity
- transracial
43
criticism of the empirical evidence for mindfulness
- poor methodology
- lack of attention to potential adverse effects
- lack of information about teacher training
44
marital satisfaction with physical illness in couples
- disease onset: increased satisfaction
- health decline: decreased satisfaction
45
order vs. chaos
-authoritarianism vs. decadence
- fascism vs. nihilism
- JESUS CHRIST LIVES IN THE MIDDLE. His atonement makes it possible for us to have both:
- The redeeming power of the atonement restores order from chaos
- The enabling power of the atonement gives us courage to venture into chaos and grow
46
two ways of viewing gender
- social (social constructionism)
- biological (gender essentialism)
47
findings of biopsychosocial study (leonhardt et al.)
- people generally fare better in marriage than research portrays
- average declined is caused by a small group with a steep decline
- good relationship and realism is all you need :)
48
between biological, psychological, and social factors, which was most important in distinguishing couples that maintained high satisfaction and commitment through the transition to parenthood?
social factors (i.e. low attachment avoidance, high relational self-expansion, and high perceived partner commitment)
49
what does mindfulness remind us to do?
- remember the being mode (identity, becoming, etc.)
- re-member, belong again to myself and the world
50
stressors of sexual minority families
- similarities: day to day challenges, stress/adaptation/resiliency
- unique challenges: minority stress, lack of family or societal support, boundary ambiguity (same-sex couples)
51
primary outcomes of adults who had siblings with mental illness (taylor et al.)
- higher probability of depressive episode, less extraverted, less conscientious
- if the sibling with MI is a man, lower psychological wellbeing, lower agreeableness, higher neuroticism
52
legal divorce
petition, mediation/litigation, settlement/trial, etc.
GOAL: create an equitable arrangement that will allow each party to move forward
53
financial divorce
splitting economic resources and responsibilities
- debt, personal property (movable), real property (non-movable), alimony, retirement/pension plans, child support
- women tend to fare worse
GOAL: help each partner achieve sustainability
54
balanced coping
coping by keeping illness demands in perspective with other family needs (e.g. attending to the needs of both the ill child and healthy siblings)
55
experience of transgender youth
- increased discrimination, families rejection, suicide ideation, self-harm, homelessness, sexual assault
- 82% consider suicide, 40% attempt suicide
56
why do infertile couples struggle with negative outcomes? (pasch & sullivan)
couples with incompatible approaches to managing infertility (e.g. appraisal and coping) will be more likely to experience negative communication sequences and negative outcomes
57
meditation vs. contemplation and their impact on mental frames
- mediation: moving toward the center
- breaking up a bad frame
- can cause you to lose a frame as well
- contemplation: look up toward the divine
- make a better frame
- can keep you locked in a bad frame as well
58
origin of the word mindfulness
"sati" (pali language), = to remember the being mode = belong again to myself and to the world
59
3 approaches to handling ambiguity (hafen)
1. idealist
2. pessimist
3. improver
60
how to foster resilience with mental health
- within an individual (positive development, emotional self-regulation, connections, etc.)
- within a family (structure, expectations, supportive relationships, etc.)
- within a community (mentors, positive norms, opportunities to engage, etc.)
61
reasons for low disclosure rates
disclosure of same-sex attraction has been shown to be disruptive of family functioning
double-edged sword:
- youth who disclose have higher rates of abuse and criminal behavior
- youth who don’t disclose have more feelings of shame, relational distance, and mental health concerns
62
major limitation of existing theories about sexual orientation
sexual configuration theory (van anders)
- based on biological sex and doesn't account for gender
- doesn't account for sexualities unrelated to gender or sex (behavior, identity, and orientation)
- doesn't account for love vs. lust
- basically it's COMPLICATED OK
63
in a stepfamily, which subsystem is vulnerable to stress from other subsystems?
the couple subsystem
64
relationship divorce
emotional divorce, loss of couple identity (shared time, rituals, and communication)
GOAL: reformed couple identity based on new circumstances
65
stressor event
an occurrence that provokes a variable amount of change in the family system
66
mental illness
health conditions involving changes in emotion, thinking, or behavior (or a combination of these).
- associated with distress and/or problems functioning in social, work or family activities.
67
theoretical model for physical illness
- physical and mental health stressors impact individual and family outcomes through adaptive processes
- enduring individual, family, and community characteristics influence physical and mental health and adaptive processes
- outcomes and adaptations and feed back into physical and mental health as well
68
infidelity as a level 3 stressor
- level 1: existing resources sufficient (everyday hassles)
- level 2: family needs new resources but can cope
- level 3: paradigm shifting/shattering stressor
69
infidelity influence on children
robs them of the ability to trust the most important authority figures
- decreased trust in future romantic relationships
- shame around sexuality
- for kids: betrayal, blame themselves
- for adolescents: blame parent, care for other parent
70
stepfamily resiliency
- couple system: communication about roles and rituals to build unity
- parenting within family: understand differences between different systems
- coparenting between families: build a bridge between homes, identify common values
71
prevalence of transgenderism
- 0.5% of US adults self-identified as transgender
- 1.4% of youth ages 13-17, but 25% of those identify as gender non-conforming
72
chronic illness
- condition that lasts one year or more that requires ongoing medical attention or limits daily living/activities (or both).
- many caused by risk factors, some accidental or unpredictable
73
faith is not blind spectrum
closed eyes and open heart: idealist
open eyes and closed heart: pessimist
open eyes and open heart: improver
74
everyday hassles
proximal stressors, strains, and transactions of day-to-day life that can be viewed as common annoyances. relatively minor and arise out of routinized daily activities. can be both anticipated and unanticipated.
75
infidelity
any intimate relationship behavior with someone other than your spouse or partner (physical or emotional)
- physical: men more likely than women
- emotional: mixed evidence
76
how to help children cope with parents' infidelity
- be honest, but limit details
- clarify boundaries between parent/child subsystem (break up coalitions)
- help older children see they don’t know the full story
- help child establish forgiveness at own pace
77
infidelity as trauma
- intrusive thoughts and images
- re-experiencing the event
- hyperarousal and hypervigilance
- overwhelms coping resources to the point of helplessness
78
aristotle's way of knowing what's real
- organ of cognition (brain) optimal - state of mind
- environment optimal - circumstances and possible miscommunication
- intersubjective agreement - second witness
79
10 dimensions of family stressor events
1. internal vs. external
2. pervasive vs. bounded (who in the family it affects)
3. precipitate vs. gradual onset (suddenness)
4. intense vs. mild (severity)
5. transitory vs. chronic (duration)
6. random vs. expectable
7. natural vs. artificial generation
8. scarcity vs. surplus (commodities)
9. perceived insolvable vs. solvable
10. substantive content (area)
80
family adjustment and adaptation response (FAAR) model (patterson et al.)
families engage in active processes to balance family demands with family capabilities as these interact with family meanings to arrive at a level of family adjustment or adaptation.
- when demands outweigh capabilities, families experience crisis
- after crisis they must increase capabilities, decrease demands or change meanings in order to achieve adaptation
81
is there a consensus on how to conceptualize mindfulness?
no
82
parenting as a stressor
- stress from parenting children
- secondary stress from the child's stressors
83
challenges to adoption for same-sex couples
- sending countries being resistant to same-sex couples and single parents
- birth mothers not choosing them due to their sexual orientation, lots of waiting
- discrimination by child welfare workers/adoption professionals
- struggle to find lawyer/agency who will work with them, heterosexual normative
- don't want to "make waves" by fighting back against discrimination, possibly lowering their chances of being chosen to adopt
- legislation against same-sex couples co-adopting
- lack of social support
84
challenges to donor insemination for same-sex couples
- who to be the biological parent
- known or unknown donor
- discrimination in health-care process
85
positive parental resources + examples
traits, qualities, characteristics, and abilities of parents, parent-child relationships, family systems, and larger social context that can possibly lift parental stressors
- ex. parental self-efficacy, good mental health, financial resources, external family support, etc.
86
ambiguous loss as a framework for interpreting gender transitions in families (mcguire et al.)
- FOR FAMILY MEMBERS: psychological loss (the presence of the person of that gender is no longer there) and physical loss (the person is psychologically the same but physically different)
- FOR TRANS PERSONS: physical loss (e.g., unwilling to interact), psychological loss (e.g., ignoring or
denying the gender transition) or contradictory
(e.g., abusive regarding the transition).
87
parenting divorce
co-parenting relationship continues but becomes more complex
- custody (legal v physical, sole v joint), visitation schedule, rituals/holidays, extended family ties
GOAL: maintain parent-child system ties with little interruption & maintain base level consistency between households
88
what likely contributed to the rise of divorce in the 1960s and 70s?
- rise of individualism, relativism, secularism, and hedonism
- singlehood, cohabitation, childlessness, and nonmarital sex deemed more acceptable
- economic factors (women can get along without a husband to provide)
- individuals (especially women) recognizing that marriage was not meeting their personal needs
- no-fault divorce law
89
which factors predict male and female infidelity (allen et al.)
- male: sexual
- female: emotional
90
mindfulness' impact on ABC-X model
changes C: perception!
91
general trends of mental illness in recent years
- general rise since about 2018
- slightly higher in women than men
- spike in teens since about 2013, higher for girls than boys
92
treatment for affairs if couple decides to stay together
- stage 1: dealing with the impact of the affair (crisis) - acknowledging hurt and setting boundaries
- stage 2: finding meaning - what can be learned?
- stage 3: moving on - forgiveness
93
how child background influences the likelihood of adoption
- age (prefer newborns)
- prior location (aka foster care)
- country of origin (prefer same contry)
- race (prefer same race)
94
healthy functioning for chronically ill children
1. balancing illness with other family needs
2. maintaining clear boundaries
3. developing communication and competence
4. attributing positive meaning to situation
5. maintaining flexibility
6. maintaining family cohesiveness
7. engaging in active coping efforts
8. maintaining social supports
9. developing collaborative relationships with professionals
95
definition of stress
stress is an agent of change (or the threat of change)
- anticipated vs. reactive stress
- stress as transitory vs. chronic
- stress as random vs. expected
96
family disclosure
- only about 50-60% of youth disclose same-sex attraction to their families
- parents are almost never the first person youth turn to
- although same-sex attraction influences the family system, without disclosure the effect is often unrecognized
- years pass between first thought, knowing for sure, and telling someone
97
resources for coping with infertility
- resource buffering model: families with more resources can “buffer” the stress (Infertility treatments, counseling, etc.)
- role accumulation: those with multiple role identities will react better to infertility by focusing energy on other roles
