Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

Ribosomes

Answer 1

Take code & transcribe it "DNA synthesis"

Answer 2

They form protein channels (gap junctions). They display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact. They secrete signals for long-distance communication. Primary modes of chemical signaling include: hormonal, neurohormonal, paracrine, autocrine, and neurotransmitter. Signal transduction involves signals or instructions from extracellular chemical messengers that are conveyed to the cell’s interior for execution

Answer 3

The chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions are referred to as cellular metabolism. Anabolism is the energy-using process of metabolism, whereas catabolism is the energy-releasing process.

Answer 4

is the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration.

Answer 5

The mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes

Answer 6

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration

Answer 7

Water and small electrically uncharged molecules move through pores in the plasma membrane's lipid bilayer

Answer 8

The amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppse the osmotic movement of water

Answer 9

The overall osmotic effect of colloids, such as plasma proteins

Answer 10

Can be passive or active. Includes the movement of two molecules simultaneously in one direction or in opposite directions or the movement of a single molecule in one direction

Answer 11

Does not require metabolic energy.

Answer 12

Requires metabolic energy to move molecules against concentration gradient. Also occurs by endocytosis or vesicle formation

Answer 13

Type of endocytosis in which large particles, such as bacteria are ingested through the formation of large vesicles called vacuoles.

Answer 14

The S phase, during which DNA synthesis takes place in the cell nucleus The G2 phase, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M) The M phase, which involves both nuclear (mitotic) and cytoplasmic (cytokinetic) division The G1 phase (growth phase, or interphase), after which the cycle begins again

Answer 15

Involves four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Answer 16

Covers most internal & external surfaces of the body. Function is to protect, absorb, secrete and excrete

Answer 17

Binds various tissues and organs together supporting them in their locations and serving as storage sites for excess nutrients

Answer 18

Composed of long, thin, highly contractile cells or fibers called myocytes. Muscle tissue that attaches to bones enables voluntary movement. Muscle tissues in internal organs enable involuntary movement (heartbeat)

Answer 19

Composed of highly specialized cells called neurons that receive and transmit electric impulses very rapidly across junctions called synapses

Answer 20

An alteration that enables the cell to maintain a steady state despite adverse conditions

Answer 21

"REVERSIBLE" replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type.

Answer 22

The accumulation of excessive water in the cell. Caused by the failure to transport mechanisms and is a sign of many types of cellular injury.

Answer 23

is the sum of the changes after local cell death and includes the processes of inflammation and cellular lysis; irreversible cell injury

Answer 24

is the process by which RNA directs the synthesis of polypeptides

Answer 25

is the process by which DNA specifies a sequence of messenger RNA (mRNA).

Answer 26

is the number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period (typically one year) divided by the number of individuals in the population

Answer 27

is the proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific point in time.

Answer 28

Genetic makeup of an organism "what they have"

Answer 29

The observable, detectable, or outward appearance of the genetics of an organism "What they demonstrate"

Answer 30

Condition is expressed equally in males and females. Approximately half the children of an affected heterozygous individual will express the condition. Homozygous affected individuals are rare and there is no generational skipping. the abnormal allele is dominant, the normal allele is recessive,

Answer 31

Males and females are affected in equal proportions. Consanguinity is sometimes present. The disease is seen in siblings but usually not in their parents. On the average, one-fourth of the offspring of carrier parents will be affected.

Answer 32

The trait is seen much more often in males than in females because females must inherit two copies of the recessive allele (one from each parent) to express the disease, while males need only inherit one copy (from their mother) to express the disease. Because a father can give a son only a Y chromosome, the trait is never transmitted from father to son. The gene can be transmitted through a series of carrier females, causing the appearance of a “skipped generation.” The gene is passed from an affected father to all his daughters, who, as phenotypically normal carriers, transmit it to approximately half their sons, who are affected Turner syndrome – only females. Instead of 2 only have one X-chromosome. Usually sterile, intellectual abilities can be affected, short stature.

Answer 33

a hormone system that regulates blood pressure, fluid, and electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance Renin: An enzyme released by the kidneys into the bloodstream when blood pressure drops. Angiotensin II: A hormone that constricts the muscular walls of small arteries, triggers the release of aldosterone, and triggers the release of vasopressin Aldosterone: A hormone that adds more water to the blood to help increase blood volume and blood pressure

Answer 34

When your blood pressure falls, your kidneys release the enzyme renin into your bloodstream. Renin splits angiotensinogen, a protein your liver makes and releases, into pieces. One piece is the hormone angiotensin I. Angiotensin I, which is inactive (doesn’t cause any effects), flows through your bloodstream and is split into pieces by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in your lungs and kidneys. One of those pieces is angiotensin II, an active hormone. Angiotensin II causes the muscular walls of small arteries (arterioles) to constrict (narrow), which increases blood pressure. Angiotensin II also triggers your adrenal glands to release aldosterone and your pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin). Together, aldosterone and ADH cause your kidneys to retain sodium. Aldosterone also causes your kidneys to release (excrete) potassium through your urine. The increase in sodium in your bloodstream causes water retention. This increases blood volume and blood pressure, thus completing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Answer 35

is a problem of fluid distribution that results in accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces. Edema is caused by arterial dilation, venous or lymphatic obstruction, loss of plasma proteins, increased capillary permeability, and increased vascular volume. The pathophysiologic process that leads to edema is related to an increase in forces favoring fluid filtration from the capillaries or lymphatic channels into the tissues

Answer 36

Potassium is the predominant ICF ion; it functions to regulate ICF osmolality, maintain the resting membrane potential, and deposit glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle cells. Potassium balance is regulated by the kidneys by aldosterone and insulin secretion and by changes in pH. A mechanism known as potassium adaptation allows the body to accommodate slowly to increased levels of potassium intake. Maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction. Think heart --- cardiac functioning

Answer 37

Calcium is a necessary ion in the structure of bones and teeth, in blood clotting, in hormone secretion and the function of cell receptors, and in membrane stability. Phosphate acts as a buffer in acid-base regulation and provides energy for muscle contraction. Calcium and phosphate concentrations are rigidly controlled by parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin.

Answer 38

Magnesium is a major intracellular cation and is principally regulated by PTH. Magnesium functions in enzymatic reactions and often interacts with calcium at the cellular level. Cofactor in intracellular enzymatic reactions, protein synthesis, and neuromuscular excitability. Improves myocardial metabolism Reduces peripheral vascular resistance (B/P) Inhibits platelet function

Answer 39

Occurs with increase in bicarbonate caused by loss of metabolic acids, "vomiting" Compensatory response (kidneys in trouble – lungs try to help) is ↑ CO2 retention by lungs

Answer 40

Occurs with a decrease of alveolar ventilation and increase CO2. hypoventilation, Drug Overdose; COPD Compensatory response (lungs in trouble – kidneys try to help) is ↑ bicarbonate (HCO3−) retention by kidney,

Answer 41

Occurs with alveolar hyperventilation and excessive reduction of CO2 Compensatory response (lungs in trouble – kidneys try to help) is ↑ HCO3− excretion by kidney

Answer 42

the lack of sufficient oxygen within cells, is the single most common cause of cellular injury

Answer 43

Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde (TOXIC) which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Decreases absorption of nutrients in the intestines

Answer 44

Ionizing radiation (IR) is any form of radiation capable of removing orbital electrons from atoms producing free radicals. The most vulnerable to radiation damage: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Free radicals involved in many disorders and diseases. Cause DNA damage and mutations; protein fragmentation and misfolding. Antioxidants protect against damaging effects of free radicals.

Answer 45

Hormonal regulation of sodium and potassium balance is medicated by aldosterone. When circulating blood volume or blood pressure is reduced, sodium and water resorption (hangs on to Na+ and water follows sodium), WHY? To increase blood volume and blood pressure

Answer 46

are hormones that include atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) produced by the myocardial atria, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) produced by the myocardial ventricles, and urodilatin within the kidney. Natriuretic peptides decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion. (ANTAGONIST OF THE RAAS)

Answer 47

Regulator of fluids, nerve impulse conduction, acid-base balance, cellular chemical reactions, and transport of substances across the cellular membrane

Answer 48

is associated with hypoaldosteronism, loss of sodium, inadequate intake, some medications

Answer 49

hyperaldosteronism, central nervous system is most serious, and some are the same as hyponatremia such as coma and seizures

Answer 50

Inadequate intestinal absorption, decreases in PTH and vitamin D levels; nutritional deficiencies – malnutrition; elevated calcitonin level Increased neuromuscular excitability; tingling, muscle spasms (particularly in hands, feet, and facial muscles), intestinal cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds

Answer 51

Intestinal malabsorption related to vitamin D deficiency, alcohol use disorder Reduced capacity for oxygen transport by red blood cells and disturbed energy metabolism (ATP); respiratory failure (because of muscle weakness)

Answer 52

Acute or chronic renal failure with significant loss of glomerular filtration (kidneys main excretory organ for phosphate); Symptoms similar to hypocalcemia; when prolonged, calcification of soft tissues in lungs, kidneys, joints

Answer 53

Malnutrition, malabsorption syndromes, alcohol use disorder, urinary losses (renal tubular dysfunction, loop diuretics Behavioral changes, irritability, increased reflexes, muscle cramps, ataxia, nystagmus, tetany, convulsions, tachycardia

Answer 54

Hyperparathyroidism; bone metastases with calcium resorption from breast, prostate, renal, and cervical cancer; excess vitamin D; tumors that produce PTH; Fatigue, weakness, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, constipation; impaired renal function, kidney stones;

Answer 55

Usually renal insufficiency or failure; excessive intake of magnesium-containing antacids Lethargy, drowsiness; loss of deep tendon reflexes; nausea and vomiting; muscle weakness; bradycardia; respiratory distress; heart block, cardiac arrest

Answer 56

TOO MUCH hydrogen load (H+) KILU(high anion gap) Normal anion gap K=ketones Loss if bicarb I=Ingestion diarrhea L=Lactic Acid Renal failure U=Uremia Compensatory response (kidneys in trouble – lungs try to help) is ↑ CO2 excretion by lungs called Kussmaul respirations – the patient presents with increased rate and depth of respirations. Vomiting – get rid of acid!

Answer 57

are defined as those that do not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes.

Answer 58

Mono=1) of any chromosome is lethal

Answer 59

three copies of one chromosome is said to be trisomic (a condition termed trisomy). The most well-known example of aneuploidy in an autosome is trisomy of the twenty-first chromosome: Down syndrome. Intelligence quotients (IQs) between 20 and 70 Short stature Facial appearance is distinctive, with a low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, and flat, low-set ears Cardiac structural abnormalities.

Answer 60

means you inherited two identical versions

Answer 61

People who have a dominant trait, brown eyes, only need one allele (heterozygous) (or both can be as well- but doesn’t matter

Answer 62

the study of how a person's environment and behaviors can affect how their genes work. Epigenetic changes are modifications to DNA that regulate whether genes are turned on or off, but they don't change the DNA sequence. These changes can be reversible and can affect a person's health in different ways