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Psychopathology and Mental Health > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Main Components of a Mental Disorder

A
  1. A set of symptoms/atypical behaviors that appear together that represent a specific disorder
  2. Persistence of symptom is important
  3. Impairment in daily life activities such as work, school, relationships
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2
Q

Methods of Defining Atypical Behavior

A
  1. Subjective discomfort – emphasis on individual’s experience of personal distress
  2. Statistical Norms – how common or rare is the behavior?
  3. Harmful Dysfunction – Behavior is a product of disruptions in thought, feeling, communication, perception and/or motivation
    Behavior leads to significant harm
  4. DSM-5 – emphasis on consequences
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3
Q

DSM-5 Definition of Atypical

A

Group of symptoms characterized by significant difficulties thinking, feeling or behaving

Consequences are distressing in social, occupational or other important activities

Not a culturally sanctioned response to an event

Not primarily due to violations of social norms

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4
Q

Incidence Definition

A

Number of new cases of a disorder in a population

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5
Q

Prevalence defintion

A

Total number of active cases (old and new)

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6
Q

Lifetime Prevalence

A

Proportion of people who have been affected by the disorder at some point in their lives

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7
Q

Disease Burden Defintion

A

Considers lost years of healthy life that may be caused by the disease/disorder

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8
Q

Which mental disorder has the highest disease burden?

A

Depression followed by schizophrenia

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9
Q

Fever Therapy

A

Blood from people with malaria injected into psychiatric patients so they would develop a fever

Observation that symptoms sometimes disappeared in patients ill with typhoid fever

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10
Q

Insulin Coma Therapy

A

Insulin injected into patients to lower sugar content of the blood and induce hypoglycemic state and deep coma

Observed mental changes among diabetic addicts treated with insulin

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11
Q

Lobotomy

A

Hole bored in skull, and sharp knife was inserted to severe nerve fibers connecting the frontal lobes to rest of brain

Observation that this procedure in chimps led to reductions in displays of negative emotion during stress

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12
Q

4 Paradigms

A

Biological, Psychodynamic, Cognitive–Behavioral, and Humanistic

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13
Q

Biological Paradigm Theory

A

Biological abnormalities cause atypical behavior

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14
Q

Biological Paradigm Goals

A
  1. Accurate Diagnosis
  2. Identifying biological cause
  3. Developing treatment to prevent, eliminate or alter the cause
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15
Q

Psychodynamic Paradigm Theory

A

Theory: abnormal behavior is caused by unconscious mental conflicts from early childhood

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16
Q

Hysteria

A

caused by psychological conflicts unconsciously converted into physical symptoms

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17
Q

Id

A

Present at birth
Biological and psychological drives: hunger, sex, aggression
Seeks immediate gratification
Unconscious drives

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18
Q

Ego

A

Deals with reality
Begins to develop at 1 year of age and continues to evolve
Conscious awareness

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19
Q

Superego

A

Conscience
Societal standard, learn as age
Needs to govern Id’s impulses

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20
Q

3 Defense Mechanisms in the Psychodynamic Paradigm

A

Denial, Projection, and Displacement

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21
Q

Which defense mechanism is this: Accuse someone of thinking you aren’t good enough at something, when in fact it’s you that feels that way about self

A

Projection

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22
Q

Which defense mechanism is this: Get a bad grade and go home and yell at roommate about mess

A

Displacement

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23
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm theory

A

Atypical behavior is the product of learning

Incorporate perspectives from behaviorism and cognitive science

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24
Q

Who were the 2 leading contributors to learning theory

A

Pavlov (1928) – classical conditioning
Skinner (1953) – operant conditioning

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25
Cognitive Behavior Paradigm Theory
Theory: Mental illness caused by maladaptive learning & conditioning Problem behavior continues if it is reinforced
26
Humanist Paradigm Theory
Human behavior is the product of free will Focus on considering all aspects of a person If our needs are unmet by society we will have trouble
27
What is the inborn human nature according to the psychodymanic approach
aggressive, sexual
28
What is the inborn human nature according to the biological approach
Competitive, but some altruism
29
What is the inborn human nature according to the cognitive behavioral approach
neutral -- blank state
30
What is the inborn human nature according to the humanistic approach
basic goodness
31
Systems Theory
Integrative approach across paradigms Emphasizes multiple contributions to causality (e.g., biological, and learning)
32
Biopsychosocial Model
To understand a person’s experience, it's important to understand biological, psychological, and social factors and how they relate to cause mental illness
33
Equifinality
there are multiple routes to the same disorder
34
Multifinality
same event can lead to different outcomes
35
Reciprocal Causality
cause and effect are matters of perspective
36
Diathesis Stress Model
predisposition towards a disorder, stressful life event triggers disorder
37
Two causes of mental illness through the biological approach
Neuroscience Genetics
38
Major components of Neuroscience
Neurons and neurotransmitters Structure and function of the human brain The autonomic nervous system The neuroendocrine system
39
How do neurotransmitters contribute to psychopathology?
Too much or too little Insufficient reuptake Faulty neurotransmitters receptors
40
Serotonin
“The mood stabilizer” Helps regulate mood, sleep, anxiety
41
Dopamine
“The reward system” Pleasure, learning, motivation, memory and mood
42
GABA
“The calmer” Helps control anxiety, improve concentration and sleep
43
Norepinephrine
“Fight or Flight” Increases blood pressure, effects on alertness / focus
44
What does the temporal lobe control?
Language, sexuality, emotion, hearing, and memory
45
What does the parietal lobe control?
sensory, perception, and movement
46
What does the occipital lobe control?
Vision
47
What does the cerebellum control?
Coordination
48
What does the frontal lobe control?
Decision making, impulse control, judgement, and emotion control
49
What does the anterior cingulate control?
mood regulation, attention, and emotion
50
What does the hippocampus control?
memory
51
What does the amygdala control?
emotional salience
52
Functional Connectivity
How different areas of the brain interact with each other We can see either decreased and increased connectivity in psychopathology relative to controls
53
How does the structure and volume of the brain relate to psychopathology
Differences in structure and volume really only show up for serious mental illness like schizophrenia and dementia For schizophrenia, we see decreased hippocampus and increase lateral ventricle For dementia, we see the brain tissue shrinking
54
Endocrine System
Glands throughout the body that produce hormones Hormones influence behavior Disruptions can cause symptoms such as fatigue, low mood, anxiety Thyroid common culprit for depression-like symptoms
55
Autonomic Nervous System
Responsible for physiologic reactions Sympathetic – increased arousal – “fight or flight” Parasympathetic –”rest and digest” - slowing arousal, energy conservation
56
When viewing social interaction scenes MZ twins show greater probability of:
Shifting eyes at the same moments Shifting eyes in the same subsequent directions Fixating the same semantic content at the same moments
57
Heritibility Definition
How important genes are relative to other factors
58
Three challenges with using genetics to discuss psychopathology
1. Recognizing complexity Several genes contributing to a specific disorder Small effect 2. Most genetic vulnerability appears to increase risk broadly for multiple disorders rather than one specific disorder 3. Understanding relationship between genes and behavior/environment -- Can’t change our genes, but we can change environmental and psychological factors to help reduce our risk
59
What community reports the highest rates of mental illness in the US?
Native and Indigenous American adults
60
Biological Treatments
Antidepressants Antipsychotics Stimulants
61
Electroconvulsive Therapy
inducing a seizure by passing electricity through brain Milder than in the past Short term memory loss – retrograde amnesia Last resort when other treatments don’t work – works fast
62
Psychoanalysis
Seek to uncover inner conflicts and bring to conscious awareness Key Techniques: Free Association – say whatever crossed mind – “window to unconscious” Interpretation = key tool Therapeutic Neutrality – distant
63
Pscyhoanalysis Key Techniques
Key Techniques: Therapeutic Neutrality – distant Transference = patient transfers feelings about someone in life on to therapist Countertransference = therapist letting own feelings influence response to patient Long term, frequent, expensive
64
Psychodynamic therapy
uncover hidden motivations, insight is important Key techniques: Therapist more active than in psychoanalysis Past experiences shape the present, focus on early life experiences Focus on how awareness of past shapes present Can be shorter than psychoanalytic, less frequent – new short term Psychodynamic
65
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Key Techniques: Collaborative relationship Focus on present and direct efforts for change Structured Homework Skills based Shorter term; booster sessions
66
3 Steps to Systematic Desensitization
Step 1: Relaxation techniques Step 2: Build fear hierarchy Step 3: Exposure
67
3rd Wave of Psychological Talk Therapy
Expand beyond cognition and behavior Increase focus on emotions, mindfulness, acceptance Examples: DBT – mindfulness & tolerating distress Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) – acceptance and change Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy
68
3 Types of Prevention
Primary prevention – improve environment to prevent new cases of mental disorder Secondary prevention – early detection Tertiary Prevention – intervention after illness has been identified + indirect consequences of illness (e.g., unemployment, housing)
69
Reliability Definiton
Reliability = Consistency of measurement
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70
Types of Reliability
Test-retest Interrater Reliability
71
What is interrater reliability?
When two doctors diagnose the same disorder?
72
Which disorders have the highest test-retest reliability
PTSD, Autism, and ADHD
73
What are the limitations of the DSM-5?
Clinicians may adopt different definitions for symptoms Boundaries between ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ with arbitrary cutoffs Comorbidity
74
What are the purposes of clinical assement?
To understand the individual To predict behavior To plan treatment To evaluate treatment outcome
75
What are 4 types of psychological tests?
Projective Tests Personality Inventories Intelligence Testing Neuropsychological Tests
76
Projective Tests
Project aspects of personality onto ambiguous stimuli – access the unconscious Roots in psychoanalytic tradition High degree of inference in scoring and interpretation Reliability and validity data tend to be mixed
77
Ecological Momentary Assessment
Individuals self-monitor and track their own behavior – e.g., moods, stressful events, thoughts, etc. Data collected in real time using diaries, phones or apps Can be used in self-monitoring: systematic recording of specific targets such as thoughts, emotions, behaviors (e.g., sleep logs, food logs, frequency of intrusive thoughts)
78
Can you diagnose mental illnesses with neurobiological assessment
no
79

Psychopathology and Mental Health (2 decks)

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