EXAM 1 Flashcards by Olivia McNamara

Process information in a way that appropriate mental and motor responses will occur

Integrative decisions

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The _________contains high amounts of Na+ ions.

extracellular fluid

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It occurs across the cell membrane

It occurs against an energy gradient

It requires use of a carrier protein

It requires high amounts of energy

active transport

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A voltage gated channel is regulated by:

electrical signals

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Facilitated diffusion is limited by

The rate at which the carrier protein can work

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The sodium-potassium pump transfers

Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell

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The sodium potassium pump creates a net __________ charge on the inside of the cell

negative

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The end result of anaerobic glycolysis is

lactic acid formation

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the process by which glucose can be formed from proteins and fats is called

gluconeogenesis

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The majority of ATP is formed in which part of carbohydrate metabolism

electron transport chain

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In a hypotonic solution, cells will

swell as water moves inside the cell

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the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell

membrane potential

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When the membrane potential is less negative (more positive) than baseline, it is called

depolarization

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In a voltage gated sodium channel, the inactivation gate will not reopen until

the nerve fiber has returned to resting potential

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The sodium channels close

at the peak positive charge between depolarization and repolarization

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When action potentials are conducted from one Node of Ranvier to another node, it is called

saltatory conduction

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In the central nervous system, the most common type of synapse is

chemical

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In the synapse in the CNS, which ion triggers the vesicles to release neurotransmitter into the synapse?

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An excitatory response

Increases positive charge inside the cell

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When multiple synapses on a neuron are firing at the same time and trigger an action potential, this is called

spatial summation

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The second messenger system uses which substance to relay signals from the extracellular portion of the receptor to the interior part of the cell?

g proteins

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On the actin filament, Ca2+ binds on

troponin

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Maintain the side by side relationship of actin and myosin

titan

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What serves as the limit to each end of the sarcomere unit

z disc

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An extensive SR to facilitate rapid release of Ca2+ ions

fast fibers

Which type of force summation occurs as a result of multiple motor units contracting simulatenously

multiple fiber summation

Motor units are recruited from smallest to largest

true

in the neuromuscular junction, what triggers the vesicles to release acetylcholine?

The opening of voltage gated Ca2+ channels to allow for calcium ion influx

In a muscle cell, Ca2+ is stored in

sarcoplasmic reticulum

In smooth muscle contraction, Ca2+ binds to

calmodulin (CaM)

In smooth muscle, when ATPase activity is decreased, what occurs?

decreased muscle tension

Which part of Mickey Mouse's brain is processing the information as it comes in from his peripheral nerves that his sweater is uncomfortable?

integrative decision

Sensory information enters the spinal cord by way of the

dorsal root

Which type of neuron is responsible for maintaining muscle tone?

gamma motor neuron

Which type of reflex prevents tendon avulsion from muscle overstretch?

golgi tendon reflex

A large portion of the primary motor cortex is devoted to control of which muscle groups?

muscles of hand and speech

The cerebellum has an important role in regulating

balance

Damage to the hippocampus will cause the patient to have difficulty with

retaining new information

The sympathetic nerve fibers originate in the spinal cord between which segments?

t1-l2

Adrenergic nerves release which neurotransmitter at their nerve endings

norepinephrine

anterior motor neuron that is responsible for muscle contraction

alpha motor neurons

what has more muscle spindles larger muscles or smaller muscles

smaller muscles with fine movement have more

when a muscle spindle is slowly stretched

static response

when the muscle spindle is stretched rapidly

dynamic response

Painful stimulus causes limb to withdraw from stimulus

flexor withdrawal

Painful stimulus elicits an extensor reflex in opposite limb. Serves to push body away from stimulus, also to shift weight to opposite limb

crossed extensor reflex

Damage causes decreased speech capability

brocas area

Damage causes motor apraxia the inability to perform fine hand movements

hand skills area

All sensory pathways pass through the thalamus, except for

the olfactory tract

can understand spoken and written word, but unable to interpret the thought that is expressed

wernickes aphasia

inability to understand language or communication

global aphasia

The person can decide what they want to say but cannot make the vocal system emit words instead of just noises

brocas area

Damage causes anterograde amnesia

hippocampus

Brain waves similar to wakefulness Begin about 90 minutes after falling asleep and reappear at 90-minute intervals Last for progressively longer periods of time each time they occur, a few minutes at first, 30 minutes toward the end of the sleep period.

REM sleep

autonomic nervous system

sympathetic and parasympathetic

When sympathetic nerves stimulate the adrenal medullae, epinephrine and norepinephrine are released into the circulating blood in large quantities

adrenal medullae

release acetylcholine at their nerve endings—these nerves are called cholinergic nerves

parasympathetic

release norepinephrine at their nerve endings—these nerves are called adrenergic nerves

sympathetic

the way CSF flows

1. lateral ventricles 2. third ventricle 3. aqueduct of sylvius 4. fourth ventricle 5. foramen of magendie 6. cisterna magna 7. subarachnoid space 8. enters the venous system via arachnoidal villi

what can increase BBB permability

hypertonic mannitolwh

which muscle fibers are multinucleated and single nucleus

skeletal- multi smooth- single

covers the muscle fiber over cell membrane (called sarcolemma)

endomysium

the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber

sarcomere

border of sarcomere

z disc

thin filament without thick filament

I band

covers entire length of thick filament and covers the overlapping thin filament

A band

only part of thick filament without thin filament

H zone

Darkest part, two thick filaments come together forming A Band

M line

stores calcium

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Covers active sites on actin filament Prevents interaction with myosi

Tropomyosin

where ca binds

troponin

during contraction what shortens

I band. A band stays the same

The muscle shortens and the tension on the muscle remains constant

isotonic contractions

The muscle does not shorten during contraction

isometric contractions

results from an increase in the number of motor units contracting simultaneously (fiber recruitment)

multiple fiber summation

results from an increase in the frequency of contraction of a single motor unit

frequency summation

Think Electrical →Chemical →Electrical) AP at the NMJ from a somatic motor neuron → Opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels → Vesicles release ACh → ACh reaches the motor end plate → ACh binds to postjunctional ACh nicotinic receptor → Ligand-gated channels open → Greater Na+ to enter motor end plate → Depolarization (end plate potential; EPP) → Action potential travels in both directions down the sarcolemma and through the T-tubules → Muscle contraction

know this process

ACh is degraded by acetylcholinesterase to prevent continued/prolonged muscle contraction When signaling from the motor neuron ends, Ca2+ is pumped back into the SR→ Tropomyosin re-shields the binding sites on actin strands → Muscle relaxation

know this

difference between PNS and CNS

CNS- Brain and spinal cord PNS- Somatic and autonomic . somatic makes up sensory and motor. autonomic makes up para and sympathetic

afferent, ascending carries impulse to CNS

Sensory

integrative in CNS

Interneurons

efferent, descending carries impulse away from CNS

Motor

difference between inside/outside

membrane potentials

during resting

More Na+ outside the neuron More K+ inside the neuron

membrane potential returns to baseline

repolarization

membrane potential is less negative (more positive) than resting

depolarization

membrane potential is more negative than resting

hyperpolarization

during action potential

sodium ions in depolar k out repolar

Greater than normal stimulus required to elicit AP

relative refractory period

how the APs are conducted from node to node

saltatory conduction

acts to control mood

serotonin

opens cation channels

amino acids

Chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS Opens Cl- channels Benzodiazepines and many anti-seizure meds act

GABA

Movement across the membrane with a carrier protein AND against an energy gradient

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Either directly through the membrane or with a carrier protein Energy= normal kinetic energy of matter

diffusion transport

Kinetic movement WITHOUT interaction with carrier proteins Rate of diffusion is determined by amount of substance, the velocity of kinetic motion, and the number and sizes of spaces available through which the molecules/ions can move

simple diffusion

Carrier protein aids passage of molecules by binding chemically with them and shuttling them through

facilitated diffusion

a solution is determined by the number of particles in a solution, not by the mass of the particles

osmotic pressure

Once both are bound to the carrier protein, the energy released by the Na+ moving into the cell allows for the other substance to move outside

counter transport

Na+ can pull another substance along with it back into the cell Requires carrier protein

co transport

glycolysis

Ends with 2 pyruvic acid, 2 net ATP, 2 NADH Net of 2 ATP (produces 4 ATP, but it uses 2 ATP to phosphorylate the initial glucose)

End result is lactic acid

anaerobic glycolysis

Ends with 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH

Pyruvic Acid to Acetyl CoA

There are 2 Acetyl CoA molecules, so total yield: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP

krebs cyclw

produces the most ATP

Electron transport chain

how much ATP is produced through glycolysis, Pyruvic Acid to Acetyl CoA, krebs, then ETC

36ATP

formation of glycogen

GLYCOGENESIS

breakdown of stored glycogen to re-form glucose in the cells

Glycogenolysis

EXAM 1 Flashcards

(108 cards)