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Data Analysis > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

A set of observations drawn from the population of interest

A

A sample

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2
Q

Includes all possible observations about which we would like to know

A

a population

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3
Q

Why are samples most often used

A

researchers are rarely able to study every person in a populations

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4
Q

obersvations of physical, attitudinal, and behavioural characteristics that can take on different values

A

Variables

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5
Q

what is a variable

A

any observation of a characteristic that can take on different values

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6
Q

____ observations can only take on specific values (whole numbers)

A

Discrete

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7
Q

_____ observationos can take on a full range of values

A

continuous

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8
Q

is a nominal variable discrete or continuous?

A

discrete

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9
Q

is an ordinal variable discrete or continuous?

A

discrete

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10
Q

___ variables are used for observations that have categories or names as their values. they are qualitative, not quantitative

A

nominal

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11
Q

____ variables are used for observations that have rankings as their values (i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd)

A

ordinal

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12
Q

what are the two types of variables that are discrete?

A

ordinal and nominal

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13
Q

what are the two types of variables that are continuous?

A

interval and ratio

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14
Q

_____ variables are used for observations with a numerical value and a relative, arbitrary zero

A

interval variables

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15
Q

what kind of variable is temperature?

A

interval

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16
Q

____ variables are variables that have numerical values, but zero is meaningful

A

ratio

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17
Q

which type of observations exist on a scale?

A

conintuous observation

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18
Q

a scale variable is another term for a _____ variable that meets criteria to be either interval or ratio

A

continuous

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19
Q

_____ are the discrete values or conditions that variables can take on

A

levels

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20
Q

what is a predictor variable

A

has at least two levels that can either be manipulated or observed to determine its effects on the outcome variable

another word for independent variable

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21
Q

what is an outcome variable

A

another word for dependent variable

the variable that is hypothesised to be related to or caused by changes in the predictor variable

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22
Q

what is a confounding variable

A

any variable that impacts the predictor variable so that you cannot logically determine which variable is causing the change

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23
Q

the variable that you are measuring is called the

A

dependent variable

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24
Q

the variable that is the established conditions is called the

A

independent variable

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25
which variable is the variable you change
independent variable
26
which variaable is the variable impacted by the change
dependent variable
27
a ____ measure is consistent
reliable
28
a ____ measure measures what it is intended to measure
valid
29
can a measure be valid but not reliable?
no
30
can a measure be reliable but not valid?
yes
31
what does a measure need to do in order to be valid
measure what it is supposed to with consistency
32
drawing conclusions based on whether data supports the hypothesis
hypothesis testing
33
what is an operational definition
the specific operations and procedures used to measure or manipulate a variable
34
an association between two or more variables
correlation
35
a type of predictor variable in which the researcher manipulates the levels of that variable
independent variable
36
a type of outcome variable in which the researcher measures the response to the manipulation of the IV
dependent variable
37
a study in which participants are randomly assigned to a condition or level of one or more independent variabled
experiment
38
with _____ _______, every participant in the study has equal chance of being assignedd to any group or experiemental condition
random assignment
39
what is a between groups research design?
participants only experience one level of the IV. only measured once
40
what is a within groups research design
participants in the study experience the different levels of the IV. measured more than once
41
what is replication
the duplication of scientific results, ideally in a different context or with a sample that has different characteristics
42
what is it called when researchers outline their research design and analysis plan before conducting a stuy
preregistration
43
data in its original state before anything is done to is is called
raw scores
44
describes the pattern of a set of numbers by displaying a count or proportion for each possible value of a variable
frequency distribution
45
a visual depiction of data that shows how often each value occurred
frequency table
46
what is an outlier
an extreme score that is either very high or very low in comparison to the rest of the scores in a sample
47
allows researchers to depict data visually by reporting frequencies within a given interval, rather than the frequencies for a specific value
grouped frequency table
48
when is a grouped frequency table helpful
when you have a lot of data that would make a normal frquency table hard to analyse
49
what is a histogram
looks like a bar graph but only depicts one variable and its frequencies
50
a frequency distribution that is bell shaped, symetric, and unimodal
normal distribution
51
distributions in which one of the tails is pulled away from the center
skewed distributionos
52
when a distribution is positively skewed the tail is pulled to the _____
right
53
when a distribution is negatively skewed, the tail is pulled to the ____
left
54
situation that prevents variables from taking on a value below a certain point
floor effect
55
is floor effect part of a positive or negative skewer
positive
56
is ceiling effect part of positivev or negative skew
negative
57
what is the ceiling effect
variables prevented from taking on a value above a certain point
58
graph that displays each data point in a sample with the range of scores along the x axis and a dot for each data point above the appropriate value
dot plot
59
a graph that depicts the relation between two continuous variables
scatterplot
60
when are scatterplots commonly used
in correlational research
61
in a _____ graph, every line can reveal a relationship due to how it curves or breaks
scatterplot
62
a ______ ______ between two variables means that the relationship is best described by a straight line
linear relation
63
a _____ _____ between two variables means that the relationship is best described by a line that breaks or curves in some way
nonlinear relation
64
used to illustrate the relation between two continuous variables
line graphs
65
what is a time plot (or time series plot)
a graph that plots a continuous variable on the y axis as it changes over an increment of time (labelled on the x axis)
66
a visual depiction of data in which the IV is nominal or ordinal, and the DV is continuous. the height represents the average value of the DV for each category
bar graph
67
a type of bar graph in which the categories along the x axis are ordered from highest bar to lowest bar
pareto chart
68
what is a pie chart
graph in the shape of a circle, with a slice for every level of the IV. size of slice represents proportion of each level/category
69
if therer is one continuous variable with frequencies, which type of graph should you use
a histogram
70
if there is one continuous IV and one continuous DV, what two types of graphs can you use
scatterplot or line graph
71
if there is one nominal or ordinal IV and one continuous DV what type of graph should you use
bar graph
72
if there are two or more nominal or ordinal IV and one continuous DV what type of graph should you use
bar graph
73
what is chartjunk
unnneccesary info or feature in a graph that detracts from ability to understand data
74
what is a moire vibration
any visual pattern that creates a distracting impression of vibration or movement
75
a background pattern like graph paper that data is presented on and makes bars confusing
grid
76
features of data that has been dressed up to be something other than just data
ducks
77
______ _____ allows us to visualise every point in the dta set while displaying summary statistics
strip plots
78
the descriptivev stat that best represents the center of a data set
central tendency
79
how is the mean calculated
adding all values and dividing by how many values there are
80
numbers basedd on samples taken from a population are called
statistics
81
numbers based on whole populations are called
parameters
82
what is the median
the middle when scores arrnged in order
83
how is the median calculated
values ordered, find middle score for even number of values find the average of the middle two scores
84
what is the mode
scrore the appears most frequently in a data set
85
how is mode calculateded
counting how many times a score appears and taking the most common one
86
when a distribution of scores has one mode it is called
unimodal
87
when a distribution of scores as two modes is is called
bimodal
88
when a distributiono of scores has more than two modeas is is called
multimodal
89
if a distribution of scores is complletely even the mode is called
trick question. there is no mode
90
a numerical way of describing how much spread there is in a distribution
variability
91
measure of variability that is calculated by subtracting the lowest score fromm the highest score
range
92
what is the interquartile range
measure of the distance between the first and third quartiles
93
what is a box plot
a graph that depicts overal distribution of a data set. lower end marks first quartile, upper end marks third quartile
94
the average of the squared deviations from the mean
variance
95
when is mode used
- when one score really dominates - distribution is bimodal or multimodal - data is nominal
96
the amount that a score in a sample differs from the mean of the sample
deviation from the mean
97
how to calculate variance
- subtract mean from evevry score - square every deviationo - sum all squared deviations - divide sum of squares by total number in the sample
98
the square root of the average if the squared deviations from the mean
standard deviation
99
how to find standard deviation
unsquare the variance -> take the square root

Data Analysis (1 decks)

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