Exam 1 Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
The variable manipulated?
A
independent variable
2
Q
the variable under investigation
A
independent variable
3
Q
the variable being measured
A
dependent variable
4
Q
a testable scientific prediction
A
hypotheses
5
Q
an organism’s genetic makeup (DNA)
A
genotype
6
Q
physical/observable characteristics
A
phenotype
7
Q
having brown hair is?
A
a phenotype
8
Q
Having blue eyes is?
A
genotype
9
Q
species that are uniquely adapted to their environments tend to have higher survival rates than species that are not
A
natural selection
10
Q
those that survive produce more offspring than those that are less well adapted, increasing proportion of organisms in succeeding generations with those adaptive traits
A
rule of natural selection
11
Q
in genetic engineering, a specific targeted gene is made inoperative to determine the impact on the animal’s function
A
gene knockout models
12
Q
certain human genes can be introduced to add a disorder not normally seen in rodents
A
gene knockin models
13
Q
reduce, refine, replace
A
3 Rs of animal research
14
Q
do you need that many animals?
A
reduce
15
Q
minimize pain
A
refine
16
Q
do you need to use animals?
A
replace
17
Q
what two types of cells produce myelin for the nervous system
A
oligodendrocytes and schwann cells
18
Q
produces myelin in the CNS
A
oligodendrocytes
19
Q
produces myelin in the PNS
A
schwann cells
20
Q
star-like bodies that transports nutrients from blood to neurons
A
astrocytes
21
Q
helps in the blood-bain barrier
A
astrocytes
22
Q
protects the release of K and brings exposed K back in K+ spatial buffering
A
astrocytes
23
Q
innate immunity cells
A
microglia
24
Q
cellular clean up crew that monitors the extracellular environment; searching for dead cells and debris
A
microglia
25
accepting nerves
afferent
26
exiting nerves
efferent
27
when you touch a hot stove this is
sensory neurons afferent to the CNS
28
when you think about swatting a fly
motor neurons efferent from the CNS
29
what division of our nervous system is the sympathetic nervous system
autonomic--> periphreal
30
toward the face or front
anterior
31
toward the back or behind
posterior
32
toward the head or above
superior
33
toward the feet or below
inferieor
34
toward the middle
medial
35
toward the edge
lateral
36
toward the top of the brain or the back of the spinal cord
dorsal
37
toward the bottom of the brain or the front of the spinal cord
ventral
38
toward the front of the brain or the top of the spinal cord
rostral
39
toward the back of the brain or the bottom of the spinal cord
caudal
40
this cut will create a left and a right
sagittal plane
41
this cut will divide into a top & bottom
horizontal plane
42
this cut will divide into a front & a back
coronal plane
43
part of the brain located in the brainstem of the hindbrain
cerebellum
44
"little brain"; regulates motor coordination and balance
cerebellum
45
processes visual info so that the head can be oriented to the visual present
superior colliculus
46
I turn my head to view the bird that just flew by is what part of the midbrain working
superior colliculus
47
processes auditory info so that the body can be oriented to the sound present
inferior colliculus
48
I hear a dog growl near by and I turn toward the sound is what part of the midbrain working
inferior colliculus
49
composed of cell bodies
gray matter
50
composed of myelinated axons that allows parts of the brain to be connected
white matter
51
parts of a neuron found in white matter
myelinated axons
52
parts of a neuron found in gray matter
soma & dentrites
53
All sensory systems go through the thalamus first before their respective cortex except
which sense
olfaction
54
fighting, feelings, feeding, and fornicating
the 4 Fs of the Hypothalamus
55
a part of the limbic system important for the collection of nuclei important for emotional regulation
hippocampus
56
part of the brain most associated with learning and memory
hippocampus
57
three-layered structure which covers the brain and spinal cord
meninges
58
outermost layer of meninges; underneath the skull
dura mater
59
layer of meninges underneath the dura with blood vessels
arachnoid mater
60
innermost layer of the meninges that adheres closely to the brain
pia mater
61
regulates the body's stress response. made up of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands, which work together to release hormones into the blood in response to nervous system stimulation
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA Axis)
62
Release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla. CRH from the hypothalamus to the pituitary that then releases ACTH that travels to the adrenal gland then releases stress hormones
HPA Axis
63
Na+
Sodium
64
K+
Potassium
65
Ca2+
Calcium
66
Cl-
Chloride
67
where is Na+ found
outside
68
where is K+ found
inside
69
where is Ca2+ found
outside
70
where is Cl- found
outside
71
if the diameter of the axon is wider during AP propagation (greater) what happens
there is a faster conduction velocity
72
if a nueron is more myelinated during AP propagation what happens
faster conduction velocity
73
Two mechanisms enable the
resting membrane potential to depolarize
toward the threshold for action potential
temporal & spatial summation
74
requires multiple presynaptic neurons, each altering
the membrane potential
spatial summation
75
involves the rapid firing of presynaptic
neurons that build on graded potentials
to depolarize toward the action potential
threshold.
temporal summation
76
APs very close together in time contributes to more EPSP
temporal summation
77
APs has to make a connection with others in different locations
spatial summation
78
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, seretonin
monoamine
79
dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are what type of monoamines?
catecholamines
80
produced in the substantia nigra & the ventral tegmental area
dopamine
81
involved in movement and reward systems
dopamine
82
produced in the locus coeruleus
norepinephrine
83
involved in increased vigilance, focused attention and enhanced energy
norepinephrine
84
released from the adrenal glands
epinephrine
85
Most prominent in fight or flight. similar in action of norepinephrine
epinephrine
86
produced in the raphe nuclei
serotonin
87
synthesized from tryprophan (a dietary amino acid)
serotonin
88
involved in mood regulation, sleep/wake cycles, temperature regulation, sexual activity, and aggression
serotonin
89
primary excitatory signaling
glutamate
90
primary inhibitory signaling
GABA
91
mimics or enhances effects of a neurotransmitters
agonist
92
blocks or decreases the effects of the neurotransmitters
antagonist
93
tendency to bind to a receptor/target
affinity
94
ability to have an effect; produce a desired effect
efficacy
95
T/F you can have high affinity and low efficacy
true
96
T/F you can have low affinity and high efficacy
false
97
serotonin is what type of monoamine
indolamine
98
Small molecule neurotransmitters are primarily synthesized within where
the presynaptic terminal
99
what is synthesized in the cell body and then transported down the axon to the terminal
peptides
100
synthesis location = the synapse
small molecule neurotransmitters
101
synthesis location = the cell body and transported to the synaptic terminal
peptides
102
caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine are
CNS stimulants
103
blocks adenosine receptors
caffeine
104
activates nicotinic cholinergic receptors
nicotine
105
blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
cocaine
106
increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure; increased metabolism
nicotine
107
blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
cocaine
107
effects include euphoria, increased energy, alterness
cocaine
108
binds to transporters which leaves the neurotransmitters in the synapse for longer periods of time
cocaine
108
indirect catecholamine agonist; blocks reuptake and enhances release
amphetamine
108
produces enhanced sensory perceptions and desires for social interactions
MDMA (Ecstasy)
108
psychological effects similar to cocaine: sense of well-being, alertness, and diminished fatigue
amphetamine
109
amphetamine and MDMA are what type of drugs
CNS stimulants
110
Alcohol is what type of drug
CNS depressant
111
in low doses it can improve mood and increase confidence. may also can increase drowsiness, impair judgment and muscle coordination
alcohol
112
high doses can create slow and irregular breathing patterns; cause extreme confusion and disorientation
alcohol
113
inhibits glutamate transmission
alcohol
114
enhances the effect of GABA
alcohol
115
highly addictive, causes a sense of euphoria, severe withdraw
opium
116
Regulates pain, reward, and addiction.
why humans have opioid receptors
117
leads to hallucinations, illusions, alterations in perception of time and space
LSD
118
a partial serotonin agonist
LSD
119
the primary psychoactive ingredient of marijuana is?
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
120
medicinal use of marijuana includes
treatment of nausea and appetite stimulation in AIDS and cancer patients
121
altered sensations, increased appetite, euphoria, relaxation, and disinhibition
effects of marijuana
122
effects may also include impaired memory and motor performance; cognitive impairments
marijuana
123
can inhibit dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA
cannabis
124
this drug activates cannabinoid receptors that are located in various regions of the brain
cannabis
125
is when the need for a drug to maintain physiological functions
dependence
126
2 types of dependence
physical & psychological
127
taking a substance to alleviate the pains of withdrawls
an example of physical dependence
128
taking a drug to maintain how we feel
an example of psychological dependence
129
is when a reaction to a given drug decreases with repeated exposure
tolerance
130
higher doses are needed to achieve the same desired effect
drug tolerance
131
2 types of drug tolerance
behavioral & pharmacodynamic
132
results from exposure to high drug doses. How the drug impacts the synaptic receptors
pharmacodynamic tolerance
133
sensitive to behavioral & environmental manipulations --> taking drug in new context raises tolerance
behavioral tolerance
134
consuming a drug repeatedly in the same environmental setting leads to what type of tolerance
behavioral tolerance
135
-65/-70 mV is
resting membrane potential of a resting neuron
136
-55 mV
activation threshold: charge needed for a neuron to fire an action potential
137
when a neuron reaches -55 mV it will fire an action potential
all or none law
138
when a neuron fires close to the activation threshold (-55) but goes back to baseline
depolarization
139
a depolarization is also a
EPSP
140
when a neuron's charge is below resting potential
hyperpolarization
141
a hyperpolarization is also a
IPSP
142
at activation threshold what happens
vgNa+ channels open
143
when vgNa+ channels open what happens
the positively charged ion floods into the cell
144
when do vgK+ channels open?
at +30 mV
145
when do vgNa+ channels close?
at +40 mV
146
when vgK+ channels open what happens to K+ inside the cell
it rushes outside of the cell due to concentration and voltage gradients causing the neuron to repolarize back to resting state
147
The period in which no AP can occur (activation threshold to +40 mV)
absolute refractory period
148
The neuron may fire another AP but will have to jump from a hyperpolarized state
relative refractory period
149
when an AP reaches the axon terminal what happens
vgCa2+ channels open
150
what happens when vgCa2+ channels open
the ion will rush into the cell and depolarizing the cell and allows for the release of neurotransmitters to reach the post synaptic membrane
151
how do we get out of the relative refractory period?
the sodium-potassium (Na+K+) pump
152
how does the Na+K+ pump function?
3 Na+ ions are pumped out of the cell, and 2 K+ ions are pumped into the cell
