Exam 1

Question 1

Hyperplasia

Answer 1

Increase in number of cells

Question 2

Dysplasia

Answer 2

Cell growth that varies in cell size, shape, and organization

Cells still function as normal, but are disorganized.

Question 3

Metaplasia

Answer 3

One mature cell replaced by another type

A change in type of cell.

Question 4

Manifestations of cell injury

Answer 4

Water, lipids, carbohydrates, glycogen, proteins, pigments, calcium

Question 5

Difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

Answer 5

Apoptosis does not cause inflammation`

Question 6

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 6

Due to bacteria
Causes pus

Question 7

Coagulation necrosis

Answer 7

Hypoxic cell injury

Question 8

Caseous necrosis

Answer 8

Creates a walled off area
Cottage cheese-like material
ex. TB

Question 9

Dry gangrene

Answer 9

Blood can’t reach limb
Shriveled, black, dry, no feeling or pulse, cold

Question 10

Wet gangrene

Answer 10

Blood can reach limb but not return
Stink, swollen, drainage, skin turns brown

Question 11

Gas gangrene

Answer 11

Bacteria (Clostridium) lets off gas
Can turn into sepsis

Question 12

Allele

Answer 12

Alternative form of a gene. Codes for the same thing, just a different version.

Question 13

Examples of autosomal dominant inheritance

Answer 13

Marfan, neurofibromatosis, Huntington’s

Question 14

Expressivity

Answer 14

Variations of a phenotype in individuals carrying a particular genotype

Severity of a condition

Question 15

Penetrance

Answer 15

Percentage of people with a specific genotype that possess an associated phenotype

Question 16

Autosomal recessive inheritance examples

Answer 16

CF, phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs, Sickle cell

Question 17

X-linked dominant

Answer 17

Fragile X syndrome
Results in intellectual disability

Question 18

Deletion of chromosome

Answer 18

Most detrimental
Cri du chat

Question 19

Nondisjunction

Answer 19

When the chromosomes don’t separate like they are supposed to during meiosis

Question 20

Turner Syndrome

Answer 20

Affects women
Single X chromosome
Small, poor secondary sex characteristics

Question 21

Klinefelter Syndrome

Answer 21

Affects males
2 X chromosomes and one Y
Tall stature, poor sexual development

Question 22

Epigenetics effects

Answer 22

DNA methylation: adding methyl
Histone modification
Silences DNA by inhibiting formation of mRNA
Promotes gene transcription

Question 23

2 characteristics of cancer

Answer 23

Anaplasia and autonomous

Question 24

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 24

Normal genes that tell cells to divide

Question 25

Oncogenes

Answer 25

Abnormal mutations that cause cells to divide uncontrollably

Question 26

Tumor Suppressor Gene role in cancer

Answer 26

Underactivity causes unregulated growth. Generally a recessive mutation.

Question 27

Innate immunity cells

Answer 27

Mast cells, granulocytes, monocytes, NK cells, platelets, cytokines

Question 28

Adaptive immunity cells

Answer 28

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, cytokines and antibodies

Question 29

What does histamine cause?

Answer 29

Vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, smooth muscle contraction

Question 30

Cytokines

Answer 30

Signaling molecules Interleukins, interferons, chemokines

Question 31

Complement System

Answer 31

MAC, mast cell degranulation, chemotactic factors, opsonins (attach to foreign molecule to tell it to attack)

Question 32

Kinin system

Answer 32

Bradykinin -- works alongside prostaglandins to cause pain

Question 33

Coagulation system

Answer 33

fibrin -> clot

Question 34

Cellular phase of inflammation/healing

Answer 34

Immune cells moving by BVs to injury site, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis

Question 35

Chronic inflammation

Answer 35

Usually self-limiting Granuloma formation

Question 36

2 components of adaptive immune system

Answer 36

Humoral and cell-mediated

Question 37

Adaptive immune system cells

Answer 37

Antigen presenting cells, B and T lymphocytes, MHC

Question 38

B lymphocytes

Answer 38

Matures in bone marrow Plasma cell -> memory B cells

Question 39

T lymphocytes

Answer 39

Mature in the thymus Differentiate into helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, or memory T cells

Question 40

MHC (major histocompatability complex)

Answer 40

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) Lets the body know what is "self" and what needs to be destroyed

Question 41

Humoral immune system -- antigen binding results in

Answer 41

Neutralization and destruction of pathogen Adherence of antigen to immune cells Phagocytosis Complement activation Formation of antigen-antibody complexes

Question 42

HIV

Answer 42

Makes DNA from RNA Bloodborne pathogen

Question 43

Life cycle of HIV

Answer 43

Attachment Fusion Reverse transcription Integration Replication Assembly Release

Question 44

How HIV affects immune system

Answer 44

Infects T helper cells where they can't initiate immune response. No B cells or killer T cells made as a result

Question 45

HIV Primary Infection

Answer 45

Flu-like symptoms

Question 46

HIV Window period

Answer 46

period of 6 weeks to 6 months where they test negative but are infectious

Question 47

HIV Seroconversion

Answer 47

Antibodies against HIV appear

Question 48

HIV Latent phase

Answer 48

Asymptomatic, persistent lymphadenopathy, still infectious

Question 49

AIDS-associated illness

Answer 49

Candidiasis, pneumocystis pneumonia, AIDS dementia complex, TB, Kaposi's sarcoma, non-hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 50

Type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 50

Anaphylactic hypersensitivity IgE mediated Binds on mast cell

Question 51

Type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 51

Tissue-specific IgG or IgM attaches to antigens on cell surfaces ex. hemolytic anemia, mismatched blood reaction

Question 52

Type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 52

Antigen-antibody complexes Complement and neutrophils Autoimmune conditions

Question 53

Type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 53

Cell-mediated or DELAYED hypersensitivity Hapten binds to self-protein Helper T cells activate cytotoxic T cells and recruit macrophages Histocompatibility: hyperacute, acute, or chronic Tissue grafts and organ transplantation

Question 54

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Answer 54

Philadelphia chromosome

Question 55

Multiple myeloma

Answer 55

Release M protein

Question 56

Lymphoma involves what cells?

Answer 56

T, B, and NK cells

Question 57

Myelogenous leukemia involves what cells?

Answer 57

RBCs, platelets, everything except T and B cells