Exam 1

Question 1

How do nRBCs affect the the WBC count

Answer 1

Falsely increases WBC

Question 2

Which WBC is not reliably identified by analyzers

Answer 2

Basophils

Question 3

How do we interrupt WBC counts

Answer 3

We interrupt the concentration of each WBC and not the percent

Question 4

What is an increase in total WBC ceontration called

Answer 4

Leukocytosis

Question 5

An increase in lymphocytes called

Answer 5

Lymphocytosis

Question 6

An increase in monocytes called

Answer 6

Monocytosis

Question 7

What is an increase in mast cells called

Answer 7

Mastocytosis

Question 8

What is an increase in neutrophils called

Answer 8

Neutrophilia

Question 9

An increase in Eosinophils

Answer 9

Eosinophilia

Question 10

An increase in Basophils

Answer 10

Basophilia

Question 11

A decrease in total WBC concentration

Answer 11

Leukopenia

Question 12

Decrease in lymphocytes

Answer 12

Lymphopenia

Question 12

Decrease in monocytres

Answer 12

Monocytopenia

Question 12

A decrease in neutrophils

Answer 12

Neutropenia

Question 13

Decrease in eosinophils

Answer 13

Eosinopenia

Question 13

What does left shift look like on a leukogram

Answer 13

Increased concentration of non-segmented neutrophils

Question 13

How is left shift classified

Answer 13

Severity
Regenrative vs degenerative
Appropriate vs inappropiate

Question 14

What does a left shift imply

Answer 14

Hallmark feature of inflammation

Question 15

What is regenerative left shift

Answer 15

More favorable
Typically neutrophilia
Segs>Nonsegs

Question 16

What is degenerative left shift

Answer 16

Less favorable with poor prognosis
Nonseg>seg
Demand>supply
Often infectious

Question 17

Which is the most mature neutrophil type

Answer 17

Segmented neutrophil

Question 18

What is the classification of a right shift

Answer 18

Increased hypersegmented neutrophils
Chronic inflammation (resolving)
Glucocorticoid hormones

Question 19

What other times will you see hypersegmented neutrophils

Answer 19

Bone marrow dyscrasia
Chemotherapy agents
Heat stroke/Adderall toxicity
B12 deficiency
Idiopathic
Central hemic neoplasms

Question 20

What is the difference between fresh blood and old blood

Answer 20

Fresh blood has more nuclear detail while old blood has nuclear swelling, vacuoles, altered cytoplasmic granule distribution, and WBC death

Question 21

What is the objective you focus on when checking Kohler Illumination

Answer 21

10x

Question 22

What are the 6 steps for Kohler Illumination

Answer 22

1. Focus on the specimen 2. Make sure condenser diaphragm is open 3. Close field diaphragm 4. Adjust condenser until polygon is sharp 5. Center light with centering screws 6. Open field diaphragm

Question 23

What are good descriptors for pathology

Answer 23

Location Size Shape Color Texture Distribution Smell

Question 24

What is a morphological diagnosis

Answer 24

Interpretation of the likely disease process based on appearance of the lesion

Question 25

What does a morphological diagnosis provide to the clinician

Answer 25

Gives insight to the clinical diagnosis

Question 26

What does a morphological diagnosis include

Answer 26

Nature of the lesion Location Severity Duration Distribution

Question 27

What is inflammation

Answer 27

Generalized response of the immune system to an antigen or injury

Question 28

Where are antigens derived from

Answer 28

Infectious agents (virus) The self (proteins) Inert substances (pollen)

Question 29

What are the local effects of inflammation

Answer 29

Pain Warmth Swelling Redness

Question 30

What are the systemic effects of inflammation

Answer 30

Brain (fever, depression, anorexia, sleepiness) Liver (increase acute phase proteins) Bone marrow (Increase WBC production) Muscle and adipose (Increase catabolism)

Question 31

What is acute inflammation

Answer 31

Rapidly-occurring, local, and temporary response to infection and tissue damage

Question 32

What does acute inflammation rely on

Answer 32

Innate immunity

Question 33

What are some characteristics of innate immunity

Answer 33

Nonspecific Local Rapid onset Short duration No immunologic memory

Question 34

When does acute inflammation begin

Answer 34

Initiated when sentinel cells detect antigens and tissue damage

Question 35

What physiological responses represent acute inflammation

Answer 35

Hyperemia Vascular permeability Edema Fibrinogen leak out Fibrinogen will polymerize to fibrin in tissues Endothelial adherence Migration through vessel wall Chemotaxis to site of inflammation

Question 36

What is the classification of fibrin

Answer 36

Stringy, yellow, gelatinous, and peels easily from surface

Question 37

Which cells are the first responders to acute inflammation

Answer 37

Neutrophils

Question 38

What are the neutrophils' role in acute inflammation

Answer 38

Highly responsive to bacterial infections Principal cell type in suppurative inflammation Live only hours to days in tissue Proteolytic enzymes released from dying neutrophils lead to liquefactive necrosis of leucocytes and surrounding tissues

Question 39

What is liquefactive necrosis of neutrophils

Answer 39

Pus

Question 40

What is the description of pus

Answer 40

Creamy, white to yellow fluid