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GSTR 332 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Theory

A

a universal explanation for a wide range of phenomena

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative explanation for natural phenomena (an educated guess)

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3
Q

Fact

A

An agreed-upon interpretation of observations.

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4
Q

Law

A

A statement describing the relationship between two or more phenomena

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5
Q

Model

A

A representation of a real-world phenomenon that emphasizes some aspect of that phenomenon.

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6
Q

Proof

A

the results of an investigation either support, or do not support the hypothesis being tested. In science there is always room for alternative explanations, as long as they are consistent with the data.

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7
Q

Falsifiability

A

that is there has to exist some set of circumstances that if they occurred they would show that the idea is false.

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8
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

is the idea that the processes shaping the Earth today, have been happening in the same way over long periods of time.

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9
Q

Catastrophism

A

is the belief that Earth’s features are mainly the result of sudden, short-lived events, like massive floods or volcanic eruptions.

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10
Q

Truth without certainty

A

our current state of knowledge in science, our current state of knowledge in all reasonable human construct.

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11
Q

Paradigm shift

A

a fundamental change in the basic concepts and practices of a particular field or discipline. It involves a new way of thinking that alters how people understand and approach problems.

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12
Q

Null hypothesis

A

a statement that assumes there is no effect or no difference in a particular situation.

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13
Q

Traditional classification

A

focuses on classifying things on similar characteristics

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14
Q

Phylogenetic systematic (cladistics)

A

organizes organisms into evolutionary lineages (clades).

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15
Q

Grades

A

levels of evolutionary development. Ex: reptile grade includes cold-blooded physiology and scales. Mammal includes warm-blood physiology, mammary glands, and hair.

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16
Q

Clades

A

evolutionary lineages, or a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants. Ex. Organism in different grades can be included in the same clade if they are descended from a common ancestor.

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17
Q

Monophyletic

A

clades that include an ancestor and all of its descendants.

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18
Q

Polyphyletic

A

taxonomic category that includes organisms with multiple ancestors rather than a single common ancestor.

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19
Q

Paraphyletic

A

taxonomic category that does not include all the descendants of an ancestral taxon.

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20
Q

Ancestral characteristic

A

a characteristic found in the ancestor but lost in the descendants.

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21
Q

Apomorphy

A

A new adaptation (a derived characteristic)

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22
Q

Synapomorphy

A

A shared derived characteristic

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23
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

A primitive characteristic found in the ancestral group as well as the descendants.

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24
Q

Convergent characteristic

A

A characteristic that is shared by two organisms as a result of adapting to similar environments rather than as a result of descent from a common ancestor.

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25
Anapsid
refers to a type of skull that has no openings (or "fenestrae") behind the eyes.
26
Diapsid
two openings behind the eyes, that are for the jaw muscle to get larger. Clade Eureptilia, clade Archosauria and Lepidosauria
27
Synapsid
refers to a type of skull that has one opening behind the eyes.
28
Tetrapoda
4 limbed vertebrates
29
Amniota
clade of vertebrates that includes reptiles, birds, and mammals. They are characterized by having an amniotic egg.
30
Sauropsida
reptiles and birds, under this group there is the parareptilia and eureptilia.
31
Eureptilia
clade within the group of reptiles that includes most modern reptiles, such as lizards, snakes, and crocodiles, as well as their extinct relatives. (two temporal fenestrae (openings) in their skulls)
32
Lepidosauromorpha (under eureptilia)
scaled lizard forms (snake lizards…)
33
Archosauromorpha (under eureptilia)
rulling lizard form, broader grouping of reptiles that includes most modern reptiles and their ancestors. Specifically, Archosauromorpha comprises the archosaurs—birds and crocodilians—and their close relatives.
34
Crurotarsi
crocodiles, alligators and gavials.
35
Ornithodira
is a clade within Archosauromorpha that includes pterosaurs (flying reptiles) and the dinosaurs (including birds). It is characterized by specific skeletal features, such as an elongated metatarsal and an upright stance.
36
Dinosauria
terrible lizards, clade that includes all dinosaurs, a diverse group of reptiles that dominated terrestrial ecosystems
37
Saurischia
This includes theropods (like Tyrannosaurus and modern birds) and sauropodomorphs (like Brachiosaurus).
38
Ornithischia
group includes various herbivorous dinosaurs such as Stegosaurus and Triceratops.
39
Theropoda
beast-footed dinosaur
40
Sauropodomorpha
lizard footed dinosaur
41
Ornithopoda
duck, billed dinosaur
42
Thyreophora
armored dinosaur
43
Marginocephalia
fringe-Headed dinosaur
44
Manus
hand
45
Pes
foot
46
Tarsals
ankle
47
Metatarsals
midpart/long part of the foot
48
Carpals
wrist
49
Metacarpals
bones in the palm of the hand
50
Phalanges
individual bones
51
Digits
made of individual bones called phalanx collectively called phalanges
52
Crurotarsal ankle joint
clade crurotarsi, the bend of the ankle associated tibia, fibula, and astragalus together leaving the calcaneum and digits separately.
53
Mesotarsal ankle joint
clade ornithodira, the bend of the ankle includes tibia, fibula, astragalus, and calcaneum together and the digits and phalanges associated together.
54
Bilateral symmetry
midsagittal plane makes mirror-image halves.
55
Radial symmetry
multiple planes make mirror-image halves.
56
Metamerism
another word for segmentation, also in the Chordata clade. Ex. salmon connected tissue in the muscle.
57
Segmentation
the division of an organism’s body into smaller, repeated sections or segments
58
Antorbital fenestrae
Openings in the skull located in front of the eye sockets, often seen in reptiles.
59
Cephalization
sense organ concentrated in a head, clade Chordata
60
Mandibular fenestre
openings in the lower jaw (mandible) that reduce weight and provide muscle attachment.
61
Sacral vertebrae
vertebrae located in the lower back, fused together to form the sacrum, connecting the spine to the pelvis.
62
Glenoid fossa
A shallow socket in the shoulder blade (scapula)
63
Ball-shaped femur head
the rounded top of the thigh bone (femur) that fits into the hip joint.
64
Erect stance
an upright posture with the body standing vertically, typical in humans and some animals.
65
Sprawled stance
a posture where the limbs extend out to the sides, common in many reptiles.
66
Semi-erect stance
a middle posture where the body is partly upright, with limbs positioned somewhat to the side and back.
67
Triassic
first period of the Mesozoic era, about 200 million years ago, is characterized by the the emergence of the first dinosaurs.
68
Jurassic
its known for the dominance of dinosaurs, development of large marine reptiles and the appearance of birds.
69
Cretaceus
it is marked at the continued dominance of dinosaurs and ended with a major extinction even that wiped out the dinosaurs.
70
Pangea
the idea that all the continents were together at some point in time.
71
Permian Extinction
about 250 million years ago, about 90% of all species went extinct, massive and continuous eruptions that lasted for several hundred thousand years at least.
72
Hot Spots
an area not at the edge of a plate where hot material from the interior of the Earth comes to the surface, creating volcanos.
73
Plantigrade
animals that walk with their whole foot touching the ground, including the heel
74
Digitigrade
animals that walk on their toes, with the heels elevated
75
Unguligrade
animals that walk on the tips of their toes, often with hooves
76
Pubis
the front part of the pelvis, located at the bottom of the abdomen, forming the pubic bone.
77
Ischium
the lower, back part of the pelvis, where you sit; it supports weight when sitting.
78
Ilium
the broad, upper part of the pelvis; it's the large, flared portion you can feel on your hips.
79
Prorotodactylus (Dinosauromorph)
an organism that adopted the general body form of dinosaurs, but technically is not a dinosaur due to the way dinosaurs were defined.
80
Eoraptor
small, early dinosaur from the Triassic period, consider one of the oldest known dinosaurs, bipedal.
81
Prevailing winds (Coriolis Effect)
are the consistent winds that blow predominantly in one direction over a particular region.
82
Rain Shadow
the result of ocean currents, prevailing winds, the ability of air to hold moisture, and the heating and cooling of air masses.
83
Triassic Extinction
mass extinction that led to the loss of 70% of all species, pave the way for the rise of dinosaurs in the Jurassic period.
84
Monsoon (Megamonsoons)
are torrential rains that affect different parts of an entire continent at different times of the year.
85
Unidirectional airflow in respiration
dinosaurs had similar respiration to birds which was sack of air that move in one direction and allowed them to grow bigger.
86
Dinosaur size and scaling
It is believed that due to dinosaurs shifting to different environments and not having bigger predators during the Jurassic period, they were able to evolve and become big.

GSTR 332 (4 decks)

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