Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what does the respiratory system consist of?
A
lungs, muscles that expand and contract the lungs, air passages connecting the lungs to the atmosphere
2
Q
what is considered the starting point of the speech production apparatus?
A
the larynx
3
Q
what forms the vocal tract?
A
air passages from the larynx to the oral and nasal outlets
4
Q
what is the larynx?
A
a structure of cartilage and muscle connecting the pharynx to the trachea
5
Q
what are the vocal folds?
A
two muscle masses that go across the trachea
6
Q
what is the glottis?
A
the space between the vocal folds
7
Q
what is the root of the tongue and what can it do?
A
the vertical front wall of the pharynx that can move forward, enlarging the pharynx, or backward, constricting it
8
Q
when the velum is up vs. down what happens?
A
when up, airflow is blocked from the nasal passage - when down, air flows through it
9
Q
what is Boyle’s law?
A
at a constant temperature, lower volume = higher pressure - higher volume = lower pressure - if two spaces are connected, air flows from the space with higher pressure to the one with lower pressure until pressure is equal
10
Q
how do you inhale?
A
enlarge the volume of the lungs by contracting the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles which decreases air pressure in the lungs causing Boyle’s law
11
Q
how do you exhale?
A
you squeeze the lungs by the walls of the lungs and the intercostal muscles along the ribs to decrease their volume, increasing pressure in the lungs enacting Boyle’s law
12
Q
what is the default airflow in speech?
A
pulmonary egressive airflow (breathing out)
13
Q
true or false: all spoken languages use egressive airflow for their sounds
A
false; all languages use it but not for every sound
14
Q
which sound is made by constricting airflow in the oral cavity?
A
an obstruent
15
Q
what is an example of pulsing airflow?
A
blowing a raspberry/ the Bronx cheer
16
Q
what is Bernoulli’s effect?
A
as the rate of airflow is increased, pressure perpendicular to the direction of flow is reduced
17
Q
what are the steps to making [f]?
A
the lower lip touches upper teeth, the tongue is low enough to not interfere with airflow, the velum is up, vocal folds are open enough and tense, allowing uninterrupted airflow through the glottis, exhale
18
Q
what is a fricative?
A
a sound created by getting uninterrupted airflow through the vocal tract, and then putting an obstacle in the way of it
19
Q
[f]
A
Fun
20
Q
[θ]
A
THigh
21
Q
[s]
A
Sigh
22
Q
[ʃ]
A
SHy
23
Q
[v]
A
Van
24
Q
what determines the pitch of a voice?
A
the frequency of vibration (for men its longer and slower for women its shorter and faster)
25
[ð]
THy
26
[z]
Zoo
27
[ʒ]
aZUre
28
what are the steps for making [z]?
lips open enough to not constrict airflow, the tip or blade of the tongue is touching the alveolar ridge that airflow is turbulent, velum is up, vocal olds are close and loose enough that they vibrate creating PULSING airflow, exhale
29
[h]
Happy
30
why is [h] a unique sounds?
it is the voiceless aspirated version of the following vowel - it is a laryngeal
31
what is a laryngeal?
a sound without a place of articulation, distinguished only by the state of the vocal folds
32
true or false: when producing [h], airflow is turbulent
true; it is because the rate of flow is so high not because there is constriction
33
what is a stop?
a type of obstruent where sound is made with complete closure in the oral cavity, preventing any airflow out of the mouth
34
what is a plosive?
a type of stop made by building up pressure in the mouth behind a closure, then releasing it suddenly in a burst of turbulent air
35
what are the steps for creating [b]?
lips are closed, blocking airflow out of the mouth, tongue is down not interfering with airflow, velum is up, vocal folds are close and loose enough to vibrate creating PULSING airflow, exhale, OPEN THE LIPS, allowing pressurized air out
36
[b]
Buy
37
[d]
Die
38
[g]
Guy
39
what is an aspirated sound and how is it indicated?
produced with the vocal folds tense and spread wide apart at the constant release, allowing max airflow - indicated with [ʰ]
40
[pʰ]
Pie
41
[tʰ]
Tie
42
[kʰ]
Kite
43
what are the steps for creating [kʰ]?
lips far apart, back of tongue touches velum, velum is up, vocal folds are TENSE AND SPREAD maximally far apart, allowing maximal uninterrupted airflow through the glottis, exhale, lower the tongue and allow pressurized air to rush out
44
voiceless aspirtated plosives ONLY occur where in English?
at the beginning of a syllable
45
what is the position of the vocal folds for a voiceless unaspirated sound?
apart and tense enough at consonant release that they don't vibrate, but not far enough apart to allow maximal airflow
46
[p]
sPy
47
[t]
sTy
48
[k]
sKy
49
true or false: voiced sounds are never aspirated
true
50
true or false: a voiceless unaspirated plosive never occurs at the beginning of a syllable in English
true
51
what is a glottal stop?
the catch in the throat in uH-Oh - it is a voiceless placeless plosive
52
what are the steps to producing a [ʔ]?
lips are far apart, tongue is low, velum is up, vocal folds are close and tense so that no air can pass through the glottis, exhale, OPEN the vocal folds allowing air to rush out
53
what is an unreleased stop and how is it indicated?
produced with a closure as in a plosive, but without a release - indicated with [h̚]
54
[p̚]
toP, caPtor
55
[t̚]
poT, aTkins
56
[k̚]
talK, aCtor
57
[b̚]
laB, aBner
58
[d̚]
deaD
59
[ɡ̚]
baG
60
what are the steps to producing [b̚]?
lips closed, tongue down, velum up, vocal folds are close and loose enough that they vibrate creating PULSING airflow, exhale
61
unreleased obstruent stops occur ONLY where in English?
at the end of a syllable
62
a stop at the end of an utterance/before a pause is usually released or unreleased?
unreleased
63
what is an affricate?
a stop in which air pressure in the oral cavity is released through a passageway so NARROW that airflow through it is turbulent
64
[t͡ʃ]
CHime
65
[d͡ʒ]
JIve
66
what are the steps to making [t͡ʃ]?
lips are far enough apart, blade of the tongue touching alveopalatal region blocking airflow, velum is up, vocal folds far apart and tense enough that they do not vibrate, allowing uninterrupted airflow through the glottis, exhale building pressure, lower tongue blade, but close enough to alveopalatal region that airflow is turbulent
67
what are sonorants?
sounds produced with airflow that is NOT turbulent - produced by shaping the vocal tract to shape the sound
68
what is a nasal stop?
sound made by closing the oral cavity, allowing airflow out of the nose
69
[n]
Nun
70
what are the steps in making [n]?
lips far apart, tip or blade of tongue touching the alveolar ridge blocking airflow out of the mouth, velum is DOWN, vocal folds are close and loose enough that they vibrate creating PULSING airflow, exhale
71
[m]
My
72
[ŋ]
raNG
73
what is an approximant?
air passageways just wide enough that voiced airflow is not turbulent
74
what is a lateral?
produced with the center of the tongue raised and at least one side down, allowing airflow around the side
75
[l]
Love
76
[ɫ]
fieLd
77
what is the difference between the clear and dark "l"?
[l] is produced before a vowel, [ɫ] is produced after a vowel
78
what is a glide?
an approximant consonant produced with an articulation like a vowel
79
[j]
YEs
80
[w]
Wear
81
[ɹ]
Rye
82
what is a retroflex r?
the tongue tip is raised toward the alveopalatal region
83
what is a bunched r?
tongue body constriction at the center of the palate and the tongue root constriction in the pharynx
84
[ɾ]
buTTon wriTer
85
what is an accent?
the pattern of pronunciation for a particular community of speakers within a language
86
the different accents in English are differentiated mostly by what?
pronunciation of vowels
87
why is GA accent less distinctive than Southern for example?
because it is spoken in areas that have been more recently settled by English speakers
87
what is a syllabic sound?
the acoustically most prominent sound in its syllable
88
[i]
bEad
89
[u]
whO
90
[ɑ]
pOd
91
[æ]
bAd
92
vowel height is determined by what?
where the tongue is located in the mouth (ex: high vowels have the tongue high in the mouth)
93
what is a tense vowel?
the tongue root is further forward and the tongue body is higher than the lax
94
[ɪ]
bId
95
[ɛ]
bEd
96
[ʉ]
bOOted (twangy)
97
[ʊ]
gOOd
98
[ɔ]
bOUght (NY accent)
99
[ʌ]
bUd
100
[ɨ]
rosEs
101
[ə]
sofA (generally at the end)
102
[a]
survIve or hI (southern)
103
[eɪ]
bAYed
104
[oʊ]
OH
105
[aɪ]
I
106
[aʊ]
OW
107
[ɔɪ]
bOY
108
true or false: only sonorants can be syllabic consonants in English
true
109
what is received pronunciation?
accent of English prevalent among the upper-class people of Southern England
110
in RP [ɹ] can ONLY exist where?
before a vowel
111
RP generally replaces the [ɹ] in GA with what sound?
[ə]
112
explain deletion of [ɹ] in RP
postvocalic [ɹ] started to be deleted in the South of England (Essex) in the 16th century while the rest of England kept it
113
what are accents that have a restriction on [ɹ] called?
nonrhotic
114
what are accents that don't have a restriction on [ɹ] called?
rhotic
115
is GA rhotic or nonrhotic?
rhotic
116
true or false: the American accent of New York is nonrhotic
true
117
there are nonrhotic accents in America, why is this?
they were locations of important seaports in the 18th century meaning they had contact with elite British traders (Boston, NYC, Va, S.C., Ga.)
118
Most English accents are rhotic, why is that?
they had moved further West to populate "new" areas, they were more rural and cut off from the Brits
119
what is an innovative vs. conservative dialect?
an innovative dialect is changed from its original while conservative preserves the original (ex: GA preserves the [ɹ] while RP loses it)
120
RP tends to replace the [æ] sound in words like "path" with what?
[ɑ] - "broad a"
121
how did the "broad a" change occur?
the short "a" was generally front, but in 17th century in London a change was made that it was backed to an [ɑ] when it occured before "f" "th" or "s" (trap vs bath in RP) - this did NOT spread to America because it was being settled at the same time as this change arose
122
RP does NOT have the tap, what do they have instead?
[t] or [d]
123
how did the difference between the GA tap and the RP plosives occur?
after the 19th century, GA replaced alveolar plosives with the tap - extended through NA to Canada
124
[ɒ]
pOt - RP
125
RP has three low back vowels, but GA only has one - why?
GA merged [ɑ], [ɒ], [ɔ] all to [ɑ]
126
how did the merging of low back vowels in GA occur?
initiated in the early 19th century in western New England and spread west through western expansion - it was not a shared change with England
127
true or false: in both GA and RP words can end in [i] and [ɪ]
false; in GA a word can end in [i] but not in [ɪ] like in RP
128
how did the difference between RP and GA in the final [i] or [ɪ]?
the two vowels merged in the US causing the [i] to be at the end of words but not [ɪ] - HOWEVER this is changing, younger RP speakers are adding [i] to the end of words
129
why does RP have [ɒ] and [əʊ] but GA doesn't?
RP developed these after its split with GA, they had no contact that would cause them both to obtain the change
130
true or false: RP is a traditional, established pronunciation that is closest to Old English
false
131
what monophthong do southern speakers use instead of the diphthong [aɪ] at the end of words?
[a] as in mY lIfe (S)
132
why does the Northern accent differ from the Southern?
English speakers in the southeast were more bound together by economic ties with each other therefore it went through independent changes which simplified the diphthong to a monophthong
133
true or false: younger southerners are more likely to have the monophthong [a] than older ones
true
134
rather than the typical [eɪ] in words like "gate", southern speakers sometimes have what?
[əɪ] or [əe] - starts further back
135
rather than the typical [i] in words like "heed", southern speakers sometimes have what?
[ɨi]
136
what caused the change in the southern accent vowels from the GA?
the "southern shift" or a gradual shift of lax front vowels moving upward and tense front vowels moving back to the center
137
when was the shift seen across the whole south?
mid-20th century
138
what are the three main changes that occurred in the south?
monophthongization, the southern shift, raising of front vowels before nasals
139
true or false: the southern accent is dying out
false
140
what is accommodation or phonetic convergence?
the tendency for one interlocutor to move toward the other in phonetic properties over the course of an interaction
141
explain Pardo's study and what it showed
Pardo recorded pairs of students producing phrases 1. by themselves 2. when leading another student somewhere on a map 3. again by themselves after interacting with the other student - other students had to decide which version of solo test was closest to the pairing - proved accommodation
142
explain Eckert's study at Belten High and what it showed
1980-1984 Eckert studied two distinct groups "jocks" and "burnouts" in the same high school - showed that pronunciation patterns can correlate with social groups within high school
143
what is plasticity?
the ability to adapt to lose stimuli - as you age you lose plasticity in speech
144
in New York, everybody i very closely crammed together but there are still different accents there - why?
the city is segregated by race and class with little communication between them
145
what is the term for speech communities separated by social distance?
social dialects
146
what was Labov's study of the Lower East Side?
samples from all types of social groups and situations (reading lists, interviews, spontaneous speech with peers) and studied the effects of class and formality on the postvocalic [ɹ] - he found that the presence or absence of the postvocalic r depends on the social group and/or the speaking situation
147
is the NY accent rhotic or nonrhotic?
historically nonrhotic
148
what were the results of Labov's NY study based on class and age?
upper middle-class younger speakers had higher rates of postvocalic than older, lower middle-class older speakers had more than younger, in the working class there is no trend according to age
149
when Labov played samples to people of his NY study, what did the he find?
the older participants didn't see postvocalic r's as more prestigious like the younger people did
150
how was the nonrhotic pattern introduced to NY?
first introduced in the 18th century, associated with the london elite - NY was a port city at the time and took on the speech of the elite traders which spread through NY
151
when did the younger speakers of NY begin to adopt the rhotic r?
mid-20th century
152
NY tends to change the [æ] sound in words like "past" to what?
[ɛə]
153
the change of the "eh" sound in NY was tracked in Labov's study as well and showed what?
as the situation was more formal, all classes lowered their vowel closer to [æ] - lower classes still had the most raised vowel
154
how did NY come to change the pronunciation of "eh"
like southern England they noticed a split between bath and trap in late 19th century and the split has stayed constant and does not vary significantly by age
155
what is a change to [ð] and [θ] that is common in many English dialects?
they will begin with a dental affricate [dð] or [tθ] like "dat" or "dese"
156
Labov reports that there are three variants in "dh" and "th" what are they?
[ð, θ], [dð, tθ], [d, t]
157
true or false: according to Labov, only the lower class in NY uses the stop variable for "th" and "dh"
false: he said the vast majority of speakers in NY use both the stop and the affricate variant
158
the difference in "dh" and "th" sounds in NY is a variable based on what?
class and formality NOT age
159
true or false: the "ing" is more educated then "in" and is used more ofter
false; there is no such thing and pretty much all speakers of all regional accents use BOTH
160
true or false: using "in" instead of "ing" is faster
false
161
where did the ending "ing" derive from?
from old english when some items had the participle marker -inde/-ende and some from the verbal noun marker -inge/-enge BOTH merged and has been variation ever since
162
what was unique about the effect of formality on the lower class's use of "in"?
the effect of formality was greater for the lower class than the higher class (who tended more towards the formal variant as they spend more time in those circumstances)
163
does age have an effect on the "in" vs "ing" variant?
no, there is a temp. dip in middle age though due to peak of income and power in life cycle
164
in Labov's study, men were significantly more likely to use "in" in place of "ing" than women - why might this be?
as women historically have less poewr they may strive for alternate sources of it such as their speech
165
"in" and "ing" do not differ in meaning but they do differ in what?
social meaning in the relative frequency
166
what is an idiolect?
the speech habits of a particular person
167
what is a gesture?
a movement towards a target and back to the original position
168
the different articulatory gestures that go into producing a speech sound have to be what in order to produce that sound?
coordinated with each other
169
what is coarticulation?
vocal tract gestures for one sound overlap in time with gestures for another sound - we CANNOT speak without it
170
in the word "dean" where does the nasal begin and why?
in the middle of the [i] because of coarticulation
171
what is a nasal vowel and how is it indicated?
a vowel that is followed by a nasal and therefore becomes partly nasal itself - indicated with [ĩ]
172
in a lateral approximant there are two constrictions what are they and are they simultaneous?
the tongue tip or blade at the alveolar ridge, and the side of the tongue body at the back of the palate - they are coordinated but not simultaneous
173
what is the difference in tongue placement and movement for dark vs clear l?
the tongue tip moves before the tongue body for clear l, the tongue body moves before the tip for dark l
174
what is electropalatography?
measures the contact with the roof of the mouth
175
if a velar closure starts early enough in a word like "catkin" what can happen?
it can obscure the acoustic effects of the alveolar closure - the word is pronounced without hearing the "t"
175
what is seen from the Broman and Goldstein study of the phrase "perfect memory"?
one can't hear the "t" if spoken quickly enough - because the tongue body closure for [k] overlaps with the first part of the tongue tip closure for [t]
176
wht is the average conversational rate of speaking?
5 syllables per second or 15 sounds per second 9can get to 9 syllables for sustained periods
177
true or false: we speak faster by moving the moveable parts in our mouths more
false: we overlap more to speak fster
178
why did early text to speech programs not work?
they didn't take into consideration the sounds around each letter which affect how it is pronounced
