Exam #1

Question 1

What is the general structure of a fatty acid?

Answer 1

A long chain of carbon atoms bound to hydrogen with a carboxyl on the end (-COOH). They are large!

Question 2

What is the general structure of a triglyceride?

Answer 2

Glycerol plus three fatty acids.

Question 3

What is the general structures of glucose?

Answer 3

6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms.

Question 4

What is the general structure if glycogen?

Answer 4

Alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds.

Question 5

What is the general structure of an amino acid?

Answer 5

They have a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2) and a hydrogen attached to the same carbon.

Question 6

What is the general structure of a protein?

Answer 6

Linear sequence of amino acids.

Question 7

What is the general structure of ATP?

Answer 7

Adenine, ribose and the three phosphate groups.

Question 8

What is the general structure of DNA?

Answer 8

A three-dimensional structure that forms when two DNA strands link through hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.

Question 9

Name three common functional groups.

Answer 9

Amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, and phosphate.

Question 10

What is a solute?

Answer 10

Any substance that dissolves in liquid.

Question 11

What are two ways we can increase the concentration of a solution?

Answer 11

Increase volume of the solution and decrease the temperature.

Question 12

What are two ways we can decrease the concentration of a solution?

Answer 12

Decrease volume of solution and increase the temperature.

Question 13

What is the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules?

Answer 13

Hydrophilic loves water while hydrophobic fears water.

Question 14

how does pH drop?

Answer 14

Temperature increases in a solution

Question 15

What is passive transport?

Answer 15

The process of a molecule passing through a concentration.

Question 16

What drives passive transport?

Answer 16

The second law of thermodynamics to move through the concentration gradient.

Question 17

What are the different types of passive transport?

Answer 17

Simple and facilitated diffusion.

Question 18

What is active transport?

Answer 18

The process of transferring substances, in and out of the cells using energy.

Question 19

What components are required in active transport?

Answer 19

Cell energy (Pumps) are all required.

Question 20

What drives active transport?

Answer 20

ATP.

Question 21

What are the two different types of active transport?

Answer 21

Primary and secondary active transport.

Question 22

Passive v.s. Active transport.

Answer 22

Passive transport does NOT require energy while active transport does.
Passive transport has a downhill movement, active transport has an uphill movement.
Passive transport is spontaneous, active transport is not spontaneous.

Question 23

What is an isotonic solution?

Answer 23

When two solutions contain the same solute and water content.

Question 24

What is a hypotonic solution?

Answer 24

A solution with a lower solute concentration.

Question 25

What is a hypertonic solution?

Answer 25

A solution with a higher solute concentration.

Question 26

What type of openings allow water to move through the cell?

Answer 26

Lipid pathways and water channel pathways.

Question 27

What is the primary mechanism of creating for generating ATP quickly?

Answer 27

Phosphocreatine.

Question 28

What molecules are needed to synthesize ATP?

Answer 28

ADP + Pi + energy =ATP

Question 29

What does ATP get broken down to?

Answer 29

ATP is broken down into ADP.

Question 30

What does hydrolysis mean when it comes to breaking down ATP?

Answer 30

Hydrolysis means that phosphate bond on ATP is broken by water.

Question 31

What is the general structure of ATP?

Answer 31

The nitrogenous base, adenine, the sugar, ribose, and a chain of three phosphate groups bound to ribose.

Question 32

What is phosphorylation?

Answer 32

The transfer of phosphate molecules to a protein.

Question 33

How does the body phosphorylation molecules?

Answer 33

This reaction passes electrons from molecules along the electron transport chain, releasing energy used to make ATP.

Question 34

What are the key enzymes?

Answer 34

Amylase, Maltese, lactase and lipase.

Question 35

How do enzymes work?

Answer 35

Enzymes (proteins) lower the EA, combine with molecules to start a chemical reaction, bind to reactant molecules to help bonding, and do not become consumed in the process.

Question 36

Why do we need oxygen?

Answer 36

To extract energy from glucose through respiration.

Question 37

What happens to the end of the electron transport chain?

Answer 37

ATP is developed.

Question 38

What does the breakdown of fats entail?

Answer 38

Fats are broken down through enzymes, water or hydrolysis where it is turned into ACoA which enters into the Krebs cycle.

Question 39

What does the breakdown of proteins entail?

Answer 39

Proteins are broken down into amino acids, which the body uses to repair tissue.