Exam 1 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Differentiate between gait and locomotion
Gait: manner in which a person walks (cadence, step, stride length, etc.)
Locomotion: Individuals capacity to move from one place to another
What are the two phases of the gait cycle?
Stance phase: The interval in which the reference foot is on the ground (60% of gait cycle)
Swing phase: The interval in which the reference foot is not on the ground (40% of gait cycle)
Cycle begins when heel hits the ground, then restarts when the heel hits again
What is a stride? step?
Stride: one gait cycle (2 steps)
Step: half of a gait cycle (1 step)
Describe initial contact phase of gait
The moment in time when the reference limb first hits the ground (heel strike)
- Knee: 15 degrees flexion
- Ankle: 5 degrees dorsiflexion
Describe loading phase of gait
Bodyweight is transferred to the reference limb (flat foot)
- Hip: 20 degrees flexion
- Knee: 15 degrees flexion
- Ankle: 5 degrees dorsiflexion
Describe the midstance phase of gait
When the reference foot is planted, and non reference limb is in line with it
Knee: 5 degrees flexion
Ankle: 5 degrees dorsiflexion
Describe the terminal stance of gait
When the heel of the reference limb is slightly off the ground, heel of non reference limb (heel) hits the ground
Hip: 20 degrees extension
Knee: 5 degrees flexion
Ankle: 10 degrees dorsiflexion
Describe the pre-swing phase of gait
When heel of reference limb is removed from the ground, toes are still in contact
Hip: 10 degrees extension
Knee: 40 degrees flexion
Ankle: 15 degrees plantarflexion
Describe the initial swing phase of gait
When the reference leg malleolus is in the air, and lined up with non-reference leg malleolus
Hip: 15 degrees flexion
Knee: 60 degrees flexion
Ankle: 5 degrees plantarflexion
Describe the mid-swing phase of gait
When reference leg is in the air, and in front of non-reference leg (with slight knee flexion)
Hip: 25 degrees flexion
Knee: 25 degrees flexion
Ankle: Neutral
Describe the terminal swing phase of gait
When reference limb (heel) makes contact with ground (knee is in full extension)
Hip: 20 degrees flexion
Knee: 5 degrees flexion
Ankle: Neutral
What is the nmeumonic for gait cycle?
I Love My Toilet Paper In My Toilet
List the stages of the gait cycle in order
1.) Initial Contact
2.) Loading Phase/Response
3.) Mid-stance
4.) Terminal Stance
5.) Pre-swing
6.) Initial Swing
7.) Mid-swing
8.) Terminal Swing
Differentiate between outcomes and goals
Outcomes: Final functional status after physical therapy intervention
Goals: Defines the necessary steps to reach a desired outcome (may be altered as patient progresses)
Differentiate between Intra-rater and Inter-rater reliability
Intra-rater: Degree to which measurements that are obtained by the same
physical therapist at different times will be consistent
Inter-rater: Degree to which measurements obtained by multiple therapists
will be consistent
Differentiate between the floor and ceiling effect
Floor Effect: When a measurement test/tool does not register a further decrease in score for the lowest scoring individual
Ceiling Effect: When a measurement test/tool does not register a further increase in score for the lowest scoring individual
Differentiate between a minimal detectable change (MDC) and minimal clinically important difference (MCID)
Minimal detectable change (MDC): The smallest amount of change that can be detected by an instrument
Minimal clinically important difference (MCID): The smallest amount of change that is considered important by the clinician
Rank the 5 levels of cognition in order from most to least responsive
- Alert (patient is fully present)
- Lethargic (patient is sleepy, but perks up when lights are on and you introduce yourself)
- Obtunded (patient requires an upright position, lights on, and conversation to receive partial responsiveness)
- Stupor (requires noxious stimulus to receive a minimal increase in arousal)
- Coma (completely unresponsive even with noxious stimulus)
What is stereognosis? two point discrimination? barognosis? graphesthesia? tactile localization?
Stereognosis: The ability to recognize common objects by feel and without looking
Two-Point Discrimination: Ability to differentiate two different sensory inputs that are close together
Barognosis: Ability to differentiate different weights without looking
Graphesthesia: Ability to recognize shapes traced on the skin without looking
Tactile Localization: Ability to identify exactly where a sensory input is occurring without looking
List and describe each type of receptor
Mechanoreceptor: mechanical deformation or movement
Proprioceptor: Joint position
Nociceptor: Pain
Thermoreceptor: Temperature
Chemoreceptor: Chemical
Photoreceptor: Light
T or F? Free nerve endings are unmyelinated while encapsulated receptors are myelinated
True
Explain the reflex scale
0: Absent, no response
1+: Diminished response
2+: Normal
3+: More than normal (brisk)
4+: Hyperreflexive
T or F? Afferent is the input neurotransmission (towards the CNS/Brain) while efferent is the output neurotransmission (away from the CNS/Brain)
True
