Exam 1

Question 1

Resolving Power

Answer 1

Measurement of resoution, distinguishing objects separation at small differences.

Question 2

Limit of Resolution can be calculated using

Answer 2

Abbe equation

Question 3

Numerical Aperture

Answer 3

measure of angle of cone of light entering objective lens. as numerical aperture increases, resolving power increases, limit of res. decreases

Question 4

working distance

Answer 4

space between objective and object being viewed

Question 5

Maintaining a continuous refractive index

Answer 5

enhances resolving power, immersion oil enables best refractive index

Question 6

Blood is composed of

Answer 6

Plasma, Leukocytes, Erythrocytes, platelets

Question 7

Plasma contains

Answer 7

water, inorganic salts, organic matter, gases, proteins, antibodies

Question 8

Leukocytes

Answer 8

White blood cells, Consist of granulocytes, agranulocytes

Question 9

Granulocytes

Answer 9

Basophils, Neutrophils, Eosinophils

Question 10

Agranulocytes

Answer 10

Monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 11

Basophils

Answer 11

rarest leukocyte, many dark granules

Question 12

Neutrophils

Answer 12

common leukocyte, multilobed nucleus, small granules

Question 13

Eosinophils

Answer 13

rare, dark, figure 8 nucleus, distinctly dark red

Question 14

Lymphocytes

Answer 14

large nucleus, no granules

Question 15

Monocytes

Answer 15

large bean nucleus, small granules

Question 16

thrombocytes

Answer 16

small fragments

Question 17

Wright and Leishman stain

Answer 17

Polychromatic stain made from eosin and methylene blue that helps to visualize blood based on ionic charge. Eosin is negatively charged, so it stains positive components like hemoglobin, eosinic granules, and proteins. Methylene blue stains DNA and RNA. Both components stain neutral components.

Question 18

DNA Electrophoresis purpose and method

Answer 18

Determines DNA fragment size of unknowns by using restriction enzymes to make known fragments. DNA electrophoresis separates DNA fragments to allow for comparison, and unknown fragment sizes can be determined from the known fragment sizes.

Question 19

Plasmid

Answer 19

Circular DNA, 1-200kiloBP. can be manipulated with molecular cloning and cut with restriction enzymes.

Question 20

Bacteriophage (lambda)

Answer 20

Virus that infects bacteria, 48KBP. Can be cut by bacterial restriction enzymes with DNA as a protection mechanism.

Question 21

Restriction enzymes and electrophoresis have led to the development of

Answer 21

DNA fingerprinting and molecular cloning. Can be used to determine any fragment size of DNA

Question 22

EcoRI

Answer 22

restriction enzyme, cuts GAATTC

Question 23

3 necessary components for electrophoresis

Answer 23

charged particles, movement medium(like buffer and agarose gel), and an electric field.

Question 24

DNA charge

Answer 24

negative, phosphate groups

Question 25

Agarose function in DNA el.

Answer 25

molecular sieve or sponge with microscopic pores, large molecules move more slowly through it. smaller fragments move farther as a result.

Question 26

buffers in el.

Answer 26

provide ions to carry current and maintain pH

Question 27

Southern Blot

Answer 27

detects a specific sequence of DNA using a nucleic acid probe. Run digested DNA on gel, then denature the DNA with depurination and denaturization solution, then transfer to nitrocellulose nylon membrane paper for 3-4 hours or longer. Position of bands in both sets is compared for their distances and sizes. Radioactivity from probe shows in brightness, indicating presence of desired gene

Question 28

Hemoglobin

Answer 28

carried by erythrocytes, transports oxygen, made of 4 peptides in quaternary structure. 2 alpha and 2 beta chains linked diagonally, so 1 of each on top and 1 of each on bottom. Each of the chains have a nonprotein heme group with iron to bind with oxygen

Question 29

Hb A

Answer 29

Hb A contains 2a, 2B chains. B chains made of 146 amino acids. 98% of all adult hemoglobin

Question 30

Hb F

Answer 30

Fetal hemoglobin has 2 gamma chains instead of beta, differing in 39 proteins from beta. replaced by Hb A after birth

Question 31

Hb A2

Answer 31

Hb A2 contains 2 a and 2 delta chains. 2% of adult hemoglobin, differs in 10 AA from beta chains

Question 32

Sickle cell hemoglobin

Answer 32

Hb S replaces the glutamic acid in beta chains with valine, replacing its negative charge with neutral. Causes alteration of the stereochemical configuration from charge difference, reducing stability of the molecule. When Hb S is deoxygenated, it crystalizes to create a sickle shape. Rapidly destroyed by the body to cause anemia.

Question 33

difference in lifespan of normal and S blood cell

Answer 33

shape difference, 120 days lifespan normally versus 15 days lifespan for SCA

Question 34

Sickle cell is inherited as

Answer 34

Autosomal Recessive gene. If heterozygous, then person is a carrier with 50% HbA and 50% HbS

Question 35

Sickle cell homozygous traits

Answer 35

Both genes for SC inherited, all hemoglobin circulating is HbS

Question 36

DNA processing to test for SC

Answer 36

Tests for presence of wild type and mutant Beta globin gene. WT beta creates HbA. Mutant beta makes HbS. DNA digested with restriction enzyme Mstll to cut CC/TNAGG

Question 37

Nucleotide sequence difference between WT and mutant

Answer 37

CCTGAGGAG in WT b CCTGTGGAG in mutant b

Question 38

Nucleic acid probes are

Answer 38

complimentary and antiparallel to the sequence of interest, contain radioactive or chemiluminescent label.

Question 39

To distinguish 3 cells with a common promoter using southern blot,

Answer 39

Use a nucleic acid probe. The Radioactive areas will light up brighter.

Question 40

To determine if a specific gene is present in a plasmid using Southern blot,

Answer 40

Use a probe for the specific sequence, and the gene will light up if it is present.