Exam 1

Question 1

What is the focus of Clinical Psychology?

Answer 1

Diagnosing and treating severe mental disorders.

Question 2

What does Counseling Psychology assist with?

Answer 2

Everyday life issues, personal problems, and life transitions.

Question 3

What does Health Psychology examine?

Answer 3

How psychological factors affect health and illness.

Question 4

What does Developmental Psychology study?

Answer 4

Growth and changes across the lifespan, including cognitive, emotional, and social development.

Question 5

What is the main concern of Personality Psychology?

Answer 5

Investigating individual differences and personality traits.

Question 6

What topics does Social Psychology explore?

Answer 6

How individuals interact and are influenced by others.

Question 7

What does Cross-Cultural Psychology compare?

Answer 7

Psychological functioning across different cultures.

Question 8

Who is considered the ‘Father of Experimental Psychology’?

Answer 8

Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 9

What approach did Wilhelm Wundt develop?

Answer 9

Structuralism.

Question 10

What does Structuralism focus on?

Answer 10

Understanding the structure of the mind by breaking it down into basic components.

Question 11

Who is known as the father of American psychology?

Answer 11

William James.

Question 12

What did William James contribute to psychology?

Answer 12

Founded functionalism and the American Psychological Association (APA).

Question 13

What is the main focus of Functionalism?

Answer 13

How mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment.

Question 14

What does the Neuroscience Perspective study?

Answer 14

How biological processes in the brain and nervous system influence behavior.

Question 15

Which perspective emphasizes observable behaviors and learning from the environment?

Answer 15

Behavioral Perspective.

Question 16

Which theorists are associated with the Behavioral Perspective?

Answer 16

John Watson and B.F. Skinner.

Question 17

What does the Psychodynamic Perspective emphasize?

Answer 17

Unconscious inner forces and conflicts influencing behavior.

Question 18

Who originated the Psychodynamic Perspective?

Answer 18

Sigmund Freud.

Question 19

What is the focus of the Cognitive Perspective?

Answer 19

Internal mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

Question 20

What does the Humanistic Perspective emphasize?

Answer 20

Human potential, self-actualization, and free will.

Question 21

Which psychologists are associated with the Humanistic Perspective?

Answer 21

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

Question 22

What is the key difference between Clinical and Counseling Psychology?

Answer 22

Clinical deals with severe mental disorders; Counseling assists with everyday life issues.

Question 23

How does Health Psychology differ from Clinical Psychology?

Answer 23

Health Psychology focuses on how psychological factors affect physical health.

Question 24

What is the difference between Developmental and Personality Psychology?

Answer 24

Developmental studies changes over the lifespan; Personality focuses on individual differences.

Question 25

What distinguishes Social Psychology from Cross-Cultural Psychology?

Answer 25

Social Psychology studies social influences on individuals; Cross-Cultural compares psychological processes across cultures.

Question 26

What degree is typically required to become a licensed psychologist?

Answer 26

A doctoral degree (Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed.D.).

Question 27

What is the primary purpose of the Scientific Method in psychology?

Answer 27

To provide a systematic approach to inquiry and evidence-based conclusions.

Question 28

What are the basic steps of the Scientific Method?

Answer 28

Ask a question, do background research, construct a hypothesis, test with an experiment, analyze data, draw conclusions, report results.

Question 29

Approximately how many neurons are in the human nervous system?

Answer 29

About 1 trillion neurons.

Question 30

What is the function of neurons in the nervous system?

Answer 30

Transmit information via electrical and chemical signals.

Question 31

What neurotransmitter is deficient in Parkinson's Disease?

Answer 31

Dopamine.

Question 32

Which mental disorder is associated with overproduction of dopamine?

Answer 32

Schizophrenia.

Question 33

What is the most common neurotransmitter and what is it associated with?

Answer 33

Glutamate; associated with learning and memory.

Question 34

What does the cerebellum control?

Answer 34

Balance and coordination.

Question 35

What is the role of the reticular formation?

Answer 35

Regulates sleep, wakefulness, and attention.

Question 36

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 36

Acts as a relay station for sensory information.

Question 37

What basic needs does the hypothalamus regulate?

Answer 37

Hunger, thirst, and temperature control.

Question 38

What is the 'All-or-None Law' in neuron firing?

Answer 38

Neurons either fire completely or not at all; no partial firing.

Question 39

Define a neurotransmitter.

Answer 39

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses from one neuron to another.

Question 40

What does 'Tabula Rasa' translate to?

Answer 40

'Blank Slate.'

Question 41

What is consciousness?

Answer 41

Awareness of internal and external stimuli, including sensations, thoughts, and feelings.

Question 42

What is insomnia?

Answer 42

Difficulty in falling or staying asleep.

Question 43

What is sleep apnea?

Answer 43

Breathing stops briefly during sleep due to airway blockage.

Question 44

What is narcolepsy?

Answer 44

Sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks during normal waking hours.

Question 45

What is the Activation-Synthesis Theory of dreams?

Answer 45

Dreams result from the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity during sleep.

Question 46

How do sleep patterns differ between children and adults?

Answer 46

Children spend more time in deep sleep; adults experience less deep sleep and more awakenings.

Question 47

What are the stages of sleep?

Answer 47

Stages 1-4 (NREM sleep) and REM sleep.

Question 48

What is the manifest content of a dream?

Answer 48

The literal storyline and events of a dream as remembered by the dreamer.

Question 49

What are examples of depressants?

Answer 49

Alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates.

Question 50

What are examples of stimulants?

Answer 50

Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines.

Question 51

What are examples of narcotics (opiates)?

Answer 51

Morphine, heroin, oxycodone.

Question 52

What are examples of hallucinogens?

Answer 52

LSD, psilocybin mushrooms.

Question 53

Define classical conditioning.

Answer 53

Learning through association between two stimuli.

Question 54

Who is the key figure associated with classical conditioning?

Answer 54

Ivan Pavlov.

Question 55

Define operant conditioning.

Answer 55

Learning through consequences (reinforcement and punishment).

Question 56

Who is the key figure associated with operant conditioning?

Answer 56

B.F. Skinner.

Question 57

What happens during extinction in classical conditioning?

Answer 57

The conditioned response diminishes when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus.

Question 58

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 58

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

Question 59

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 59

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

Question 60

What is punishment in operant conditioning?

Answer 60

Introducing or removing a stimulus to decrease behavior.

Question 61

What is a Fixed-Ratio Schedule?

Answer 61

Reinforcement after a set number of responses.

Question 62

What is a Variable-Ratio Schedule?

Answer 62

Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses.

Question 63

What is sensory memory?

Answer 63

A brief storage of sensory information.

Question 64

How long does short-term memory typically last without rehearsal?

Answer 64

Approximately 20-30 seconds.

Question 65

What is working memory?

Answer 65

Active processing and manipulation of information in short-term memory.

Question 66

What is long-term potentiation?

Answer 66

Strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

Question 67

What is consolidation in memory?

Answer 67

Process by which memories become stable in the brain.

Question 68

What is declarative (explicit) memory?

Answer 68

Memory of facts and events; includes semantic and episodic memory.

Question 69

What is procedural (implicit) memory?

Answer 69

Memory of skills and tasks performed automatically.

Question 70

What is maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 70

Repetition to keep information in short-term memory.

Question 71

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Answer 71

Linking new information to existing knowledge to facilitate transfer to long-term memory.

Question 72

What are retrieval cues?

Answer 72

Stimuli that help retrieve information from long-term memory.

Question 73

What is context-dependent memory?

Answer 73

Improved recall of information when the context present at encoding and retrieval is the same.

Question 74

What is state-dependent memory?

Answer 74

Improved recall when an individual's internal states match during encoding and retrieval.

Question 75

What is priming?

Answer 75

Exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus.