Exam 1 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
neurons
A
basic signaling unit
2
Q
glial cells
A
don’t construct signals but serve various functions, provide support, electrical stimulation
3
Q
oligondendrocytes
A
myelinate axons in brain and spinal cord
4
Q
schwann cells
A
myelinate axons in periphery of body
5
Q
microglial cells
A
act as immunte cells in CNS, remove damaged cells
6
Q
dendrites
A
neuron part that receives input from other neurons
7
Q
axons
A
neuron part that transmits electrical signals - axon terminal releases chemicals to communicate with other neurons
8
Q
neuron signaling
A
recieve, evaluate, transmit info, transmission at synapse and most are pre and post synaptic
9
Q
node of raniver
A
gaps in myelin, regeneration of action potential happens here through voltage gated ion channels
10
Q
within neuron, between neuron
A
electrical, chemical
11
Q
membrane potential resting state
A
-70mV
12
Q
action potential
A
rapid depolarization and polarization of a small region of the membrane on a neuron’s output via its axon by the opening and closing of an ion channel
13
Q
all or none law (0 or 1)
A
either neuron fires or it doesn’t
14
Q
rate of firing
A
how neurons process info, speed for regeneration of action potentials is limited to about 200/ms, intensity of stimulus is coded by it
15
Q
neuronal recording, single unit
A
how to monitor action potential
16
Q
grey matter
A
composed of neuronal cell bodies
17
Q
white matter
A
consists of axons and glial cells
18
Q
corpus callosum
A
white matter structure in brain that connects L and R hemispheres
19
Q
brainstem
A
medulla and pons and cerebellum and midbrain
20
Q
cerebellum
A
maintain posture, walking, coordinated movement
21
Q
thalamus
A
gateway of sensory information and sensory modalities (except olfactory) make synaptic relays in thalamus before being routed to primary sensory area
22
Q
prefrontal cortex
A
does executive functions, higher order cognitive functions, center of cognitive control
23
Q
cognitive psychology
A
identify internal processes for observable behaviors, mental representations and internal transformations
24
Q
mental representations
A
internal pictures
25
internal transformations
stages of memory that are encoding, comparing, deciding, and responding
26
word superior effect
detect stimuli better when recognizable, people can recognize when presented with words as opposed to alone or with nonword strings
27
alzheimer's disease
risk increases by age, degenerative, large jump at 65+
28
epilepsy
excessive and abnormal patterned activity in brain, seizure when transient loss of consciousness
29
double dissociation
offer strongest neuropsychological evidence that a patient has a selective deficit of a certain cognitive function, lesion in area X impairs ability to do A but not B and lesion to Y impairs ability to do B not A
30
agonist
chemical substance that binds to and activate a receptor causing a bio response ex:Ldopa
31
antagonist
chemical substance that binds to and blocks activation of certain receptors preventing bio response ex:halperidol
32
behavioral genetics
study how genetic info shapes individual behaviors, use knockout procedure
33
knockout procedure
inactivating certain gene, helps with behvioral genetics
34
DBS - deep brain stimulation
surgical implants of microelectrodes directly in the brain
35
optogenetics
use light to manipulate neural activities, increase or decrease it, viral transduction then protein responds to specific light frequency, opening/closing ion channels
36
TMS - transcranial magnetic stimulation
noninvasive stimulation method, application of magnetic field to portion of the scalp to temporarily deactivate neurons below magnet (virtual lesion) – repetitive TMS or continuous
37
event related potentials
align trials relative to event, see stimulus and only look at after stimulus onset
38
PET - positron emission tomography
invasive, because it uses radioactive tracers (not noninvasive like MRI), measure metabolic activity by monitoring distribution of a decaying injective radioactive tracer
39
fMRI
noninvasive, measure Blood oxygenated level dependent (BOLD) signal, ratio of oxygenated vs. deoxygenated hemoglobin, is indirect measure of neural activity
40
functional connections
if two brain areas or multiple brain areas and calculate how they are correlated with correlational methods, structural or functional connections of brain is connectomes, connectivity maps
41
fMRI vs EEG techniques
MRI is better for spatial resolution, can see all areas of brain but very slow and poor temporal resolution (every 2-3 seconds), EEG is brain activity from surface so harder to detect source or location of brain activity, poor spatial resolution but can measure activity in milliseconds so better temporal resolution
42
perception involves what
organization, interpretation, and conscious experience of those sensations - percept is mental representation of original stimulus
43
most perceptions follow this pattern
thalamus -> primary sensory cortex -> secondary sensory cortex
44
thalamus
gate filtering information that is relayed to cerebral cortex for further processing, allow for multisensory integration
45
smell is perception of what
oderants, don't pass through thalamus
46
olfactory neural signals do not pass through thalamus - go where?
most neurons project to ipsilateral cortex, go to primary olfactory cortex
47
primary olfactory cortex (piriform area)
ventral junction of frontal/temporal, olfactory relay station
48
5 basic tastes
salty, sour, bitter, sweet, umani
49
primary gustatory cortex
insula and operculum
50
orbitofrontal cortex OFC
integration of tastes and smells, secondary processing area
51
proprioperception
enables sensory and motor systems to represent information about the state of muscles and limbs
52
neural pathways of somatosensation
primary sensory cortex S1, has somatotropic representation of body which is sensory homunculus by relative importance, secondary somatosensory cortex S2, builds more complex representations crosses corpus callosum
53
rods
have photopigment rhodopsin, which is destabilized by low light levels, connected to bipolar neurons that synapse with ganglion, b and w
54
cones
contain photopsin and need more light but replenish rapidly, more active during day, connected to bipolar neurons that synapse with ganglion cells, color
55
fovea
central portion of retina, allows for acute and detailed vision, nearly free of ganglion axons and blood vessels, have direct line to brain, vision is 70% dominated by what we see in fovea
56
primary projection pathways
LGN of thalamus 90% and is retinogeniculate payhway, pulvunar of thalamus and superior colliculus of midbrain is 10% and critical role in visual attention, left visual field is right of both retina and right hemisphere
57
mcgurk effect
in mutimodal perception, lining up sound we perceive with picture of what we see, Ba vs Fa, when seeing clashes with hearing and seeing overrides
58
synethesia
idiosyncratic union betwen/within sensory modalities
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cortical plasticity
– perception reorganization, visual experiences after birth modifies and fine tunes synaptic connections, critical periods, can happen over short time– cross modal plasticity – when sensory system is absent, a different sensory system may expand their cortical recruitment
60
brain combines low level input (edges, colors, shapes) into high level coherent percepts
computational problems object recognition, object recognition is unified, perceptual cababilities are flexible and robust, memory bound
61
object constancy
viewing position, maintaining consistent and stable perception of object or person despite changes in physical appearance
62
what, ventral pathway
object perception and recognition
63
where, dorsal pathway
spatial recognition
64
separation of what and where pathways
in auditory pathways, know there are 2 pathways
65
PPA parahippocampal place area
respond strongly to places and scences
66
visual agnosia
impairment to recognize visually presented objects, despite otherwise normal vision, can recognize objects using other sensory modalities
67
optic ataxia
can recognize object but cannot use visual information to guide their actions
68
RS - repition suppression
when experience same stimulation then diminished neural activation, diminished neural activation that results from the repeated presentaiton of stimulus, indicates neural efficiency
69
binocular rivalry
see only thing with on eeye and the other with the other then see one at a time and not combine images, evidence that perception may occur in, activity in early visual cortex linked to stimuli while activity in higher areas linked to percepts, cells activity changes in advance of response
70
top down effect
on object recognition, is based on our goals and experiences prediction made from frontal lobe facilitates visual recognition
71
fusiform gyrus
asks whether we have expertise on certain type of object recognition, FFA, strong response to faces
72
visual agnosia
impairment in recongizing visually presented objects, integrative visual agnosia are when can percieve parts but cannot integrate
73
apperceptive visual agnosia
deficit to develop coherent percept, cannot draw object from memory
74
prosopagnosia
face blindness, impairment of visual recongition of faces, neurons in fusiform gyrus are fewer and smaller in autism
75
selective attention
because assumed don’t have infinite capacity, focus on certain items at expense of other, selective processing information- allocation of attention among relevant inputs, prioritize what to attend to
76
attention (APA dictionary)
state where cognitive resources are focused on certain aspects of environment rather than on others and CNS is in state of readiness to respond to stimuli
77
top down - goal driven attentional control
steered by individuals current behavioral goals and shaped by learned priorities and evolutionary adaptations
78
bottom up - stimulus drive attentional control
steered by individuals current behavioral goals and shaped by learned priorities and evolutionary adaptations
79
bottom up - stimulus driven attentional control
driven by lower level perceptual properties of stimulus such as color or size automatic and involuntary, captured by salient stimuli
80
spatial neglect
visual area is intact but cannot pay attention to that side, damage to R hemisphere so ignore L side of body and surroundings, problem of neglect with attention and not sensation, gaze only on that one side
81
vonutary - endogenous attention
initially attending to something, top down, goal directed, goals, expectations, and reward are what we attend to, a model of attention
82
reflexive - exogenous attention
bottom up, stimulus drive process in which sensory events capture attention, model of attention
83
covert attention
related to mental shift of attention without physical movement, overt attention is physically directing eyes to stimulus
84
dichotic listening
listening to two different messages, one in each ear, repeat loud words that just heard, make sure participant focusing attention on attended message but unattended ear is also being processed at some level
85
early selection model
only selective information will be processed, filter messages before incoming information is analyzed for meaning, all of unattended messages filtered out
86
Posner's cuing task
important for cognitive psychology, there are 2-3 conditions, attention to side of target – valid condition, to opposite to target – invalid condition, and to either way (control), measures influence of covert attention on perceptual processing
87
ERP - event related potentials
elicited by visual stimuli, representing cortical stimulus, whether ignored or attended, attentional enhancement effect as early as 80 msec supporting early selection of attention
88
biased computation model
each object in visual field are competing with each other for cortical representation and cognitive processing, competition can be biased toward an object that is currently being attended or toward an object that is most relevant to behavior
89
biased computation model
reflexive visuospatial attention, once one pays attention to one stimuli are likely to not go back to attending to that attention for a movement, occurs when orienting toward object previously viewed or when location is suppressed
90
visual search
finding targets among distractions
91
popout search
one feature difference, target structure has one distinct difference
92
conjunction search
have to combine different features to identify target item - use picture to guide under visual search slide
93
attentional control networks, top-down and bottom up
flexible interaction bewteen both systems allows dynamic control of attention on top down goals and bottom up sensory stimulation
94
dorsal attention networks DAN
voluntary attention based on spatial location features, and object properties, frontal cortex FEF, SEF, parietal cortex IPS, SPL, PC, attentional priming
95
ventral attention network VAN
concerned with stimulus novetly and salience, TPJ, VFC, lateralized to right hemisphere, reorient attention
